Essay on Depreciation Methods

Memorandum To: From: Subject: Depreciation Value of your Special Purpose Machine Date: Congratulations on your purchase of this special purpose machine. With every purchase of a new machinery comes the depreciation value of the machine. In order to report the value of this machine, we first must figure out the total amount paid for your machine. It says here you purchased the machine for an invoice price of $1,200,000 and the freight cost was $6000 and the cost for installation was $64000.We would add all that up and get a total machine cost of $1,270,000. There are 3 types of depreciation methods we can use to figure out the annual depreciation value of your machine: Straight Line Method, Units of productions Method, and Double Declining Method. The Straight Line Method is plain and simple. This will tell us what to report at the end of every year for the depreciation value of your machine. First we would take the cost of the machine minus the salvage value divided by the useful lif e of the machine.I believe the salvage value would be the use of the machine in that year. For example: the total cost of machine is 1270000-200000/5=214000: 200000 would be the salvage life and 5 would be the useful life of the machine and 214000 would be our depreciation value for the year. So after the first year of use the book value of the machine would be 1270000-214000=1056000. Every year we would subtract 214000 from the previous book value. The Units of Productions Method is a little more complicated.This will tell us the estimate depreciation value of the machine. First we would take the cost of the machine minus estimated salvage value divided by the predicted units of production that your machine would produce and we would get a cost per unit (depreciable). After we get the cost per unit (CPU), we would multiply it by the units produced in the period and we will get the depreciation for the period, also in the last year of the useful life of the machinery we would deprec iate to the estimated salvage value and never depreciate below the value.For example: the cost of the machine is 1270000 minus the salvage 200000 divided by the expected units that your machine would produce in its useful life which is 1000000. 1270000-200000/1000000 = $1. 07 per unit, this would be the cost per unit. Let’s say your machine will produce 200000 in its first year, so we would take the depreciation per unit multiply the number of units produced in the period, 1. 07Ãâ€"200000=214000. 214000 would be the depreciation expense for the first year and we would minus that from the beginning book value of the machine.If the machine produced 250000 the next year, we would go thru the same process again but this time we would subtract the depreciation value from the previous year book value and not the beginning book value. The Double Declining Method is the last method we would use to figure of the depreciation value of the machine. First we need to figure the straight- line rate and in order to do that we need the percent life of the machine and the useful life of the machine.We would divide each other and come up with the Straight-line rate. For example: 100% divided by 5 years equals 20% that the machine would depreciate very year if we should the straight-line rate. Second step we would double that rate, 20% x 2 = 40%. 40% would be the double declining balance rate (ddb). The final step we take the double declining balance rate multiply by the beginning period book value. For example: 40%x1270000=508000. 08000 would be the first year depreciation expense. The book value at the end of the first year would be 1270000-580000=762000. The next year we would take 40% of 762000 and come up with the depreciation expense for that year. In its final year of useful life the machine would never depreciate below the estimated salvage value and we would just have to adjust our books. Mr. Abella, now you know how to depreciate the value of your machine. Once again I congratulate you on your purchase.

Health and Modern Life Essay

The Way Eating Habits Has Affected My Life Its really astonishing how much our eating habits influence our every day life. From the economy, to the health issues†¦ Premium Life Style Affecting Students Health and create awareness among the youth regarding their lifestyle and the way it affects their health. LITERATURE REVIEW I had gone through many articles and†¦ Premium see more:jam topic about internet Drawing On The Concepts You Have Studied In Block 1, Critically Reflect On The Ways In Which Your Own Life Course†¦ in Block 1, critically reflect on the ways in which your own life course has affected how you work in, or use, health and social care. We are now living in†¦ Premium Critically Reflect On The Ways In Which Your Own Life Course Had Affected How You Work In, Or Use, Health And†¦ course to reflect own. Reflecting on the ways in which my own life course had affected how I work in the health and social care sector helped me as an individual in†¦ Premium Technology, Human Beings And The Fate Of The Earth: a Social Critique Of Modern Life worlds, via the latest form of technology. I suspect that our modern sense of security has been entrained to operate in collusion with these technological devices†¦ Premium The Affect Of Health Care Reform On Women’s Health topic of healthcare reform and its affect on womens health is an important issue to our group; we are young women of modern society, who come from all walks of life†¦ Premium Media And Modern Life opportunities and new possibilities to make use of our lives to live a modern life. And hand in hand with all these inventions go media, very closely interconnected†¦ Premium Science In Modern Life that are now easily treated nowadays. The vital role of science in modern life is not overstated in view of todays world. Scientific knowledge has improved the†¦ Premium Durkheim’s Theory Of Anomie And Marx’s Theory Of Alienation Have Had a Very Strong Influence On The†¦ and evaluate their merits. The analysis will cover various aspects of modern life under the two theories and seek to establish which provides a more convincing†¦ Premium How Does Pollution In Large Cities Affect Human Health? the biggest problem in the future. Finally, water pollution also affects human health. Industrial waste has been dumped into nearby water as often as into the air†¦ Premium The Role Of Computers And The Internet In Modern Life The role of computers and the Internet in modern life Nearly everything we do in this world is helped or even controlled by computers. So it is difficult to†¦ Premium Some Ways The Enviornment Affects Human Health Some Ways That The Environment Affects Human Health? Air Pollution Air pollution is one obvious environmental health threat in OECD countries, contributing to a†¦ Premium Social Networking In Modern Life in general and the Internet in particular that has created a new aspect of modern life. Among these social networks, Facebook is the most popular with millions of†¦ Premium How Do The Different Sources Of Power In Ian Kramer’s Life Shape His Experience Of Health And Social Care? that doesnt affect his daily life as it did previously. Even though Ian doesnt have the power-to take action and make the changes like the health professionals†¦ Premium Different Cultural Practices In The Philippines Which Could Affect Our Health Different religious practices that can affect our health. Religious beliefs cause patients to forego needed medical care, refuse life-saving procedures, and stop†¦ Premium How Drugs Can Affects The Health And Physical Development Of a Child five general types of factors which can affect the health and physical development of children, one of these factors is lifestyle. Lifestyle factors are the way in†¦ Premium â€Å"Modern Gadgets: Daily Useful Applications Versus Health Hazard To Mankind†Modern Gadgets: Daily other hand, as we enjoy the amazing applications of these modern gadgets, people dont claim the fact that it can pose health hazards to them. Although these gadgets†¦ Premium

Keynes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3250 words

Keynes - Essay Example nce these conflicts usually come to an end †¦ It is only in the field of economics that the state of war seems to persist and remain permanent.† (Dillard, 1948) This observation by Knut Wicksell is perfectly applicable to the impact and interest Keynesian economics has generated in the last seventy years or so. The rest of this essay is an attempt to assess the impact made by the Keynesian school of thought in the context of international economy. John Maynard Keynes’ seminal work, the General Theory, has had a profound effect on the way macroeconomic thought had evolved ever since. It divided the fraternity of economists into two groups. On one side were those who believed that a capitalist market economy does not need governmental interference as it is intrinsically regulated by underlying price mechanisms. The other group questioned this supposed self-equilibrating economy’s ability to minimize unemployment rates. This was a widely debated topic during the 1950s and 1960s. Ironically, economists resorted to the neoclassical analysis for settling this argument. As it stands, some form of reconciliation seem to have been achieved between the two viewpoints, but not a convincing one. The economic mechanism behind unemployment rates is of interest to both politicians and businesses alike (Dillard, 1948). In this context, Keynes had made a significant contribution in deciphering and helping understand these key ec onomic processes that concern public representatives and common citizens. To quote, â€Å"The theoretical debate relating to the consistency of macroeconomic equilibrium with an excess supply of labour appeared to have been won by supporters of the invisible hand view, but as a practical matter it was accepted that the self-righting properties of the market were too weak and needed the helping hand of fiscal and monetary policies in order to achieve and maintain the primary stated objective of full employment. Keynesians of all persuasions

General Motors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

General Motors - Essay Example Studies so far show an increase in job layoffs and lack of foresight on the part of GM on what customers want. More research is needed on whether GM is actually making an effort to improve in these areas and what programs they have in place. Customer and employee satisfaction: The recent effort on GM's part to save on health costs in an agreement with United Auto Workers union will not increase employee incentive since the effort adversely affects the employees by increasing co-pay for doctor's visits and pharmacy. In the growing Asian and European markets, GM has not kept up, focusing on light trucks when customers were more interested in owning cars. Further research will determine how GM plans to change its focus. Brand visibility: Asian and European auto brands have long been established as being well made and long lasting, with American brands suffering by comparison. At one time, American automakers pushed for customers to "Buy American," a patriotic ploy that increased market share for GM until Asian and European companies opened companies in America. Even so, foreign cars continue to be considered superior. A study of GM's research and development efforts will tell the story on future efforts. Global marketplace: Even though GM has addressed the Chinese market with Shanghai GM, problems have already been experienced in the company, with recall of Buick models. The saving factor here is that there was a recall of foreign brand cars as well. The future of GM depends on attention to: 1. Positive brand visibility 2. Global interaction through partnership and mergers 3. Increasing customer and employee satisfaction Work remaining As noted in the progress report above, several areas need further study. First, the history of General Motors from its beginnings to its phenomenal success in the 1990s should set the foundation for where GM is at present and what it must do in the future. In addition, comparisons with other American automakers and the efforts being made to increase the customer base must be made. Once this foundation is put in place, it is necessary to look beyond the American market and learn what GM has done to meet foreign competition and just how successful they have been so far in the 21st century (Appendix A). Toyota is obviously making a concerted effort to reach No. 1 in the automobile market, and the final report will show whether GM can maintain its lead and resolve its issues in the near future or whether it will not only lose to Toyota but be taken over by them as well. Appendix A: NPR Study in 2005 by Diane Geng By the Numbers General Motors Toyota Best selling vehicle In U.S. Chevrolet Silverado 680,768 sold in 2004 Toyota Camry 426,990 sold in 2004 U.S. sales in 2005 4,454,386 down 4.3% from 2004 2,260,296 up 10.1% from 2004 Profitability per vehicle Losses $2,331 per vehicle Makes $1,488 per vehicle Worldwide sales in 2005 9.2 million 8.2 million Global market share In 2005 14.2% down from 14.6% in 2002 12% up

Assumptions on the Migrants Homesickness Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Assumptions on the Migrants Homesickness - Essay Example The essay "Assumptions on the Migrant’s Homesickness" discusses the migrant’s homesickness since the migrants are largely assumed to be "oriented towards their original community" and they remain faithful to their own motherland, even when the drawing economic benefits from their host community.Denied to harbor any patriotic rights, they are seldom seen as settlers or first-class citizens. The limitation of such essentialist view is that it seeks to reduce the plural nature of the migrant’s community and flatten out the heterogeneity into a single horizontal gaze. This assumption does not consider the alienation felt by the migrants with respect to their original homelands since the sheer change in experience has unalterably changed them and located them in nowhere in particular. The migrants have a more complex response to their new homelands. Migration largely takes place within the labor class in search of a better cultural, economic and political condition. T he host is hence unable to imagine the migrant as a part of the community and is threatened by their cultural differences. The migrants are generalized as a collective anonymous cultural force who are â€Å"rootless, unattached, and temporary residents†. This view over-simplifies the homeless condition of the migrant communities and their homesickness for their original homeland. The â€Å"imagined† rights of the migrants are left unattended. They stick to their own cultural boundaries to erase the mental agony of the diaspora.

Outline and discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as means of Essay

Outline and discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) as means of valuing securities and their risk. What are the drawbacks - Essay Example Thus each firm has to bear the cost of debt and cost of equity. These costs are calculated through various financial models designed to give an accurate analysis of the costs the firms have to bear. There are three models used by analysts and firms to calculate their cost of capital; the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the Dividend Valuation Model and the Arbitrage Pricing Theory. The focus of this report is the CAPM model and a comparison between this model and the Dividend Valuation Model. â€Å"The capital asset pricing model attributable to Sharpe (1964) is a cornerstone of modern financial theory and originates from the analysis of the cost of capital.† (Chouodary 2004) this market model encompasses the concept of risk and comes under the domain of risk premium market models. This model takes into account the risks borne by the investor for investing in the securities. When an investor puts his money in any security he faces many risks ranging from liquidity to inflat ion etc. The underlying principle of the capital asset pricing model is that investors want to be compensated for bearing the risk in the form of extra return. This extra return is over and above the risk free rate as risk free securities have no risk due to their guaranteed nature. All government securities are risk free as the government will pay back all its investors and there is no default involved in this case. Thus, before actually giving you the CAPM equation one needs to understand the logic of risk and return i.e. the concepts that make up the component of the CAPM equation. Risk and return valuations are the most important part of investment decisions. The risk and return go proportionately with each other i.e. greater the risk greater will be the return. Deriving from the basics an expected return is the mean of the probability distribution of possible future returns. ‘The expected return on an investment is the average return from the investment and is calculated as the probability weighted sum of all potential returns.’(Rao, 1989) The concept of risk and return arises due to the uncertainty of future outcomes. The underlying factor here is that the actual return received may be different from the expected return, thus generating risk for the investors. All financial assets produce cash flows and the riskiness of these assets is derived from the riskiness of these cash flows. An asset considered in isolation carries stand-alone risk and is considered to be less risky as compared to when it is held in a portfolio. In a portfolio, assets with different expected return are grouped together. The risk of the portfolio is divided into two parts: diversifiable risk and market risk. The diversifiable risk is the one that can be eliminated and therefore this type of risk is not accounted for in the risk computation. The risk that the investors are really interested in calculating is the market risk (the non-diversifiable risk) i.e. the relevan t risk which arises from the broad market movements. The measures of the risk are variance and standard deviation. The variance of a stock can be calculated using the below formula provided the required rate of return is given: N Var(R) = ?2 = ? pi(Ri – E[R])2 i=1 Where: N = the number of states pi = the probability of state i Ri = the return on the stock in state i E[R] = the expected return on the stock The positive square root of variance is standards deviation which

Compare and Contrast the Great Depression with the Recent Great Essay

Compare and Contrast the Great Depression with the Recent Great Recession - Essay Example Depression affected the economic sustainability of many nations which led to a steep increase in the unemployment rates along with the frequencies of bankruptcy in financial as well as agricultural sectors. According to various economists, the major causes which led to the great depression related to the fluctuations of stock markets along with divestments in the agricultural sectors. It is worth mentioning that according to the perceptions of various researchers, the breakdown of stock market in the year 1929, popularly known as Black Thursday, is one of the significant causes of great depression. It caused countless side effects, such as increased rate of poverty, infringed living standard, declined real GDP, turbulent financial sector, and highly unstable political system. In addition, the export-import activities of the nations were also hampered that significantly reduced the revenue earned through foreign trade and thus resulted in a drought condition of the economies (Michl, T . R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). On the other hand, a great recession is the cause of economic decline. The major causes for recession can be identified as the imbalanced distribution of resources, relaxation in the mortgage standards, and distortions in real estate market. Moreover, due to inflation, the oil prices also increased to a large extent all over the world leading to recession (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). The AS-AD model depicts the relationship between Aggregate Demand (AD) and Aggregate Supply (AS). In a general AS-AD model, the determinants are Short Run Aggregate Supply Curve (SRAS), Long Run Aggregate Supply Curve (LRAS) and real GDP. In this model, price level is described on the vertical axis and the real GDP on the horizontal axis with the intention to depict the changes occurring in the two aspects in relation to the changes of AS and AD (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). Figure 1: AS-AD Model in General Terms Sou rce: (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). During great depression, a simultaneous decrease of AD, LRAS and SRAS curves can be witnessed. When the stock market crashed in 1929, it resulted in decline of real GDP, price level as well as sharp movement of LRAS and SRAS curves. In the below figure, it is clearly shown that due to depression, LRAS0 shifts downward to LRAS1,similar to the SRAS0 and AD0. Consequently, the price level also shifts from original P0 to P1 and real GDP from Q0 to Q1. This reveals that every component tends to be downward slopping during great depression which creates a negative impact on the price level as well as on the real GDP (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). Figure 2: AS-AD Curve during Great Depression Source: (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†) On the other hand, during great recession, Aggregate Demand (AD) curve slopes downward on the SRAS curve which tends to decrease the price level and real GDP, result ing in contractionary gap between LRAS and AD causing a recession in the economic environment. In the figure below, it can be witnessed that due to recession AD0 shifts to AD1 quite sharply. As a result, the real GDP also falls from Q0 to Q1 as well as the price level (P) that shifts from P0 to P1 causing the contractionary gap (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†). Figure 3: AS-AD Model in Great Recession Source: (Michl, T. R., â€Å"Macroeconomic Theory†) On the similar context, the federal fiscal policy was also

Child Witness to Intimate Partner Violence Essay

Child Witness to Intimate Partner Violence - Essay Example The issue of violence against women by a spouse of intimate partner became a topic of contention primarily during the Women’s Movements of the 1970s (Murphy & Ouimet, 2008). In fact, all acts of violence within a family setting are now referred to as intimate partner violence (IPV). Most studies are based on the support that the affected partner needs when he or she is affected by domestic violence. But very few of them focus on the emotional and psychological aspects of children who are witness to intimate partner violence. It is a fact that children are affected by IPV, and it may result in mental and emotional trauma that can extend into adulthood. It is true that the primary stakeholders in IPV are the battered person (often the woman), the dominant partner and those socially responsible for correcting or preventing the problem. But it is also a fact that the children (common or of those belonging to either husband or wife) are also affected by it. A study titled ‘Survival of intimate partner violence as experienced by women’ states that â€Å"children exhibited panic disorders, mental problems and suicidal thoughts in later life† (Flinck, Paavilainen, & Kurki, 2005). This observation has been found in other studies as well, indicating that children who are witness to intimate partner crimes may also need emotional and psychological support. For example, â€Å"children cannot help but be affected by their experiences of abuse and violence but the impact of living with domestic v iolence can affect children differently† (Jones , 2006). The authors refer to such children as forgotten, silent or invisible victims of intimate partner violence. In case they are very small, later periods may find such children with development problems, language problems, and stuttering. There can also be instances of abnormal bedwetting and

The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom by Wilbur H. Siebert Essay

The Underground Railroad from Slavery to Freedom by Wilbur H. Siebert - Essay Example Seibert’ book presents a number of interesting people and unsung heroes before it readers. Among all of them, one person that particular catches the interest is Calvin Fairbank. Fairbank lived in an affluent family that was 'assigned' with two slaves. As these slaves did all the housework, once he got the opportunity to listen to the slave-woman's tale of sorrow, which kindled anger in Fairbank. Once when he was in charge of a raft of lumber, he saw a woodsman who was going to be a slave very soon. Fairbank took him on the raft and helped him. Along with o an old slave woman with 7 children, he helped this man escape by taking them to a secure location on his raft. However, this met with a lot of issues because Fairbank was charged with helping the slaves help and was sent to the penitentiary. Before he was released, the Fugitive Slave law was passed, but this did not prove to be a deterrent to his ideas. According to him, 'I resisted its execution whenever and wherever possib le' (Siebert, 1898, p. 159). He continued to help the slaves escape. This landed him in the prison again and he spent more than 17 years of his life in the prison, where some phases were filled with physical and mental torture. Through his strategy of using disguises and helping people hide, he played pivotal part in making the life better for many slaves.   One of the very interesting events in the book is about how the disguise was used as a very effective technique to help the slaves escape quietly without the threat of being caught.

Baroque period Movie Review Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Baroque period - Movie Review Example The self-portrait shows Argan who is a character in the play. It portrays his physical appearance and the characterful face of the character. He is an old wealthy man with two wives and three children. He is the head of the household and a proud person who always wants to be involved with rich people. He is always joyful even though he is ill and is married to an ill-minded woman who plans to take his wealth after he dies. The portrait shows the play in progress. The portrait focuses on fashion by showing the great outfits worn by the characters. In this portrait, Angelique and his father show their differences. Argan decides to marry his eldest daughter to a young doctor in order he could have a doctor by his side. On the other hand, his daughter wants to marry another man who she falls in love with and so he refuses his father’s proposal. This results to a conflict between Argan and his daughter but eventually he is convinced and accepts the situation. The painting appears t o be an extension of real space. It makes the viewers feel like their taking part in the scene. The play uses this paint to show how Thomas Diaafoirus, a graduated physician, looks on his father Doctor Diafoirus to negotiate his marriage to Angelique with Argan. Thomas wants to marry Angelique since she is a beautiful woman. He asks his father to accompany him in negotiating the marriage since he knows that his father is a good friend of Argan who is Angelique’s father. Argan also is in the fever of Thomas marrying his daughter.

Fitness Essay Example for Free

Fitness Essay Why do people exercise? This may be a simple question, but it can generate multiple and varying responses. Assumptions such as pure weight loss, arise. Although this may be true, weight loss is not the only reason that drives people to engage in such activities. If curious minds dig a little deeper within this topic, different perceptions are brought up or given a better understanding of the situation. People exercise for many reasons. These reasons can be categorized to physical, psychological, and emotional dimension. In the physical sense, people exercise to better their appearance by losing or maintaining weight and overall health. One of the most noticeable effects of exercise is the physical changes that occur to the loss of body fat in a person. A person who may be overweight see exercise as a tool to help him achieve his desired body composition. With continuous exercise, the body burns calories. Excess fat that are stored within the body are utilized and burned for energy, leading to weight loss. Aside from weight loss, exercising provides beneficial heart effects to a person. It strengthens the heart muscle by allowing it to pump blood more effectively which results in the reduction of pressure on the walls of the blood vessel, which lowers blood pressure. (Sherwood, 2010). Other heart benefits include good HDL cholesterol levels, reducing bad LDL cholesterol levels, and reducing inflammation of arteries, as suggested by the University of Maryland Medical Center, or UMMC (as cited by Sherwood, par. 4). According to the website WebMD, regular exercise can help prevent diseases and ailments such as heart disease, stroke, high blood pressure, diabetes, back pain, and osteoporosis. Beyond the physical effects of exercise come psychological effects. Running, after a long and stressful day at school or work can help a person feel better afterwards. The link between exercise and mood is pretty strong, Michael Otto, PhD, a professor of psychology at Boston University says. Usually within five minutes after moderate exercise you get a mood-enhancement effect. (as cited by Weir, 2011). Aerobic exercises help the body produce chemicals called endorphins. Endorphins are polypeptides that that bind the neuron-receptors in the brain which provides relief from pain (ciarac, 2006). Endorphins also help treat contributing factors to anxiety and depression. Exercise can help reduce immune system chemicals that may worsen depression. Aside from that, it helps increase body temperature that may have calming effects on a person. Some people also exercise as an alternative to drinking. Exercise is a healthy coping mechanism for anxiety and depression, as opposed to drinking alcohol or dwelling on negative thoughts which can lead to difficult situations. Engaging in moderate amount of exercise will result in improved emotional state as well. Some people exercise in the assumption that they will gain a sense of achievement. In some cases, exercising provides that first push for a person to aim for, and achieve self-confidence. When a person meets his or her exercise goal or challenge, it helps feed that yearning of achievement. The emotional state of a person also ties in with the physical result of exercise. When a person loses weight, he or she tends to feel better about his or her appearance. Being able to wear clothing you desire, gives that extra good feeling. Exercising also becomes a positive distraction from the stresses of everyday life. It helps take a person’s mind off his or her worries temporarily. Another reason why people exercise is to get more social interaction. Exercising can provide opportunities to meet more people by going to the gym, jogging at the park, or signing up for dance class. Positive interaction improves a person’s emotional state. These interactions can vary from a friendly smile to creating strong meaningful bonds. Exercise promotes better sleep as well. Regular physical activity tires you out and get to fall asleep faster as well as deepen it. Do you feel tired or out of shape when it comes to sex with your special someone? It could sparks up more intimacy in your relationship between lovers as well. Regular physical activity can leave you feeling energized and looking better, which may have a positive effect on your sex life. But theres more to it than that. Regular physical activity can lead to enhanced arousal for women. And men who exercise regularly are less likely to have problems with erectile dysfunction than are men who dont exercise. As well as performance that both the male and female enhances for greater pleasure. Gain health benefits as you have fun. If you want to lose weight or meet specific fitness goals, you may need to exercise more. Remember to check with your doctor before starting a new exercise program, especially if you have any health concerns. One more important thing about exercising is that it is very fun when you just think about it. Exercising is one of the best way to better your connection within your family, you’re not just improving your health but your well-being too. There are several ways you can enjoy exercise, not just going to the gym constantly, such as hiking, mountain climbing, swimming, snorkeling, diving, etc. There is wide variety of activities to choose from just to keep yourself from being bored from doing the same thing every day. So work out, get your lazy behinds up and get a move on. You won’t get the satisfaction like any other just by sitting down doing nothing but watching television.

The Primary Care Clinic Essay Example for Free

The Primary Care Clinic Essay A small primary care clinic has 69 employees, representing 9 different clinical professions and 12 other skills. It operates two (2) sites, one (1) of which is bigger and has the departments for medical specialists, diagnostic labs, and patient services. The clinic also contracts for a variety of services, such as repair and maintenance, referral specialists, and advanced diagnostic services. You are the manager. You report to the owners who are four (4) of the family practitioners and their wives. Two of the wives still work at the clinic as registered nurses. Write a five to seven (5-7) page paper in which you: 1.Discuss the key political, economic, and social forces that may have influenced the development of the clinic. 2.Create a comprehensive mission statement and explain what makes it a comprehensive mission statement. 3.Identify three (3) performance measures you would use to measure the clinic’s effectiveness and provide the rationale for each performance measure. 4.Describe how you would approach decisions regarding clinic expansion and annual plan approval. 5.Describe the role of the clinic as a component of the healthcare delivery system in your community. 6.Examine how public healthcare policy has influenced the formation of outpatient clinics in the healthcare system. 7.Use at least three (3) quality resources in this assignment. Note: Wikipedia and similar Websites do not qualify as quality resources. Your assignment must follow these formatting requirements: †¢Be typed, double spaced, using Times New Roman font (size 12), with one-inch margins on all sides; citations and references must follow APA or school-specific format. Check with your professor for any additional instructions. †¢Include a cover page containing the title of the assignment, the student’s name, the professor’s name, the course title, and the date. The cover page and the reference page are not included in the required assignment page length. The specific course learning outcomes associated with this assignment are: †¢Examine the political, economic, and social forces that have influenced the organizational foundations of the United States healthcare system †¢Explain how public policy has shaped the development of the U.S. healthcare system. †¢Analyze the critical management issues, purpose, functions, and performance measures of different departments within healthcare organizations. †¢Use technology and information resources to research issues in health services organization management. †¢Write clearly and concisely about health services organization management using proper writing mechanics. Grading for this assignment will be based on answer quality, logic / organization of the paper, and language and writing skills, using the following rubric.

The Travel And Tourism Sector Tourism Essay

The Travel And Tourism Sector Tourism Essay As with everything else, the travel and tourism business is changing constantly with more people booking trips on the Internet, increasing numbers of adventure travellers and fewer people having disposable income since the financial crash of 2009. To get people to bring their tourist dollars to your destination, your plan must accurately identify whose vacation needs you can best serve and get the word out specifically to them. PREMIER INN RESORTS: TASK 1 Know Your Customers Know who is visiting your tourist destination. Texas, for example, did a marketing survey that showed the state brought in nearly $470 million in 2008 with European visitors, most from the United Kingdom. Washington State noted that it made about two-thirds the amount of income from people staying with friends and families as it did from those staying in hotels, so that was a significant market. Make sure local institutions keeping as close track as possible on where people travel from and their demographics so you know where your marketing is working and can more aggressively target areas where the response could be stronger. Set Specific Goals Decide what your specific goals are, such as wanting to double your tourism revenues in the next two years; draw more families to visit your tourism site; increase traffic from a neighboring state to a specified amount; or triple the number of visitors to a specific sightseeing attraction. Identify Travel Trends Stay abreast of travel trends, such as increasing interest in adventure travel, growing numbers of girlfriend getaways, changing demographics that mean more seniors traveling and increased use of Internet for bookings. Use this information to shape how your tourist destination will brand itself, what attractions it will invest in and emphasize and what marketing vehicles it will use. Get Your Message Out Figure out what vehicles will be most effective for promoting your message to the markets you have chosen, including travel review forums, social marketing avenues, Internet broadcasts, and magazine and news articles in general interest and special-interest publications or television ads. Enlist local businesses in advertising and offering specials and discounts for slow periods. Keep in mind, travellers sharing their positive experience at your destination is going to be your strongest marketing tool. TASK 2 . Do a Situational Analysis Target Markets Even if you are experienced at managing holiday rentals, it pays to do an on paper assessment of your target renters. If youre brand new to renting, you may have to do a little bit of research into your area to determine which groups you should target. Demographic Try to determine which demographic groups the majority of your guests belong to, such as: gender, familial status, household income, and education level? Its likely that other belonging who call into the same category as your past guests will also enjoy your home. Geographic What geographic area are your guests from? Do they travel from overseas? Do they fly or drive to your destination? If they drive, how far is a typical journey? Psychographic What do your guests do in their leisure time? What do they want out of their holiday? Market Needs Trends Look at your local holiday rental market as a whole. Are there any traveller groups that dont seem to be well catered for? Has your local area undergone any major changes in the past year? 5 years? 10 years? Look for trends in the number of visitors, demographics of visitors, new construction in the area, sharp increases or decreases in the value of property, significant increases in property taxes, or new or proposed regulations regarding short-term rentals. SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities, and Threats) Analysis Completing a SWOT analysis will help you determine where the strengths of your holiday rentals business, where you can improve, and what opportunities exist in the market, and what threats loom on the horizon. Strengths: What does your holiday home offer that other homes in your area do not? What makes your home special? Are your rates competitive? What do you do as an owner that is better than other owners in your market? Examine your online adverts.   What does your ad do well? Weaknesses: What do other holiday homes in your area offer that you do not? Are there any areas where your home could be improved (facilities, dà ©cor, furnishings, etc.)? Examine your portal website listings.   What could be improved about your ads (better photos, better written descriptions, etc.)? Opportunities: Are there any improvements being made or attractions being added in your market (have the beaches been given a special award, or is there a new activity centre opening)? Does your property cater to any of the following growing market segments: retirees, business travellers, families with grown children? Is the area opening up to travellers from a new geographic region? Threats: Are there any new property developments coming to your area (i.e. increased competition)? Has there been a significant increase in property taxes for second homes? Are there any new regulations being imposed on holiday rentals in your area? Competition In positioning your holiday home, you should consider who you are competing with for business, what they offer, and how their pricing compares to yours. After youve compiled a list of your biggest competition, take note of where they currently advertise, which marketing tactics theyve chosen to implement. Then launch your counter attack, by applying strategies that will more effectively or persuasively reach the target customers you have in common. Other Holiday Accommodations in Your Holiday Market This could include other holiday rentals in your area, as well as hotels, bed and breakfasts, all-inclusive resorts, hostels, caravan parks or camp sites. Other Holiday Destinations Often youre not just competing against other accommodations in your area. You may also be competing against holiday homes and hotels in surrounding areas, or even other markets altogether. Holiday Rental Benefits What does your home have to offer travellers? Amenities An amenity is anything included in your home that may be of interest to potential guests. The next time youre at your vacation home, go room-to-room and make a list of the items in each room. Download the Equipment and Facilities Checklist to see if youre missing anything. Suitability Who is your home perfectly situated for? Families with small children? People with disabilities? The elderly? Travellers with pets? 2. Determine Your Marketing Strategy Marketing Objectives What are your most important goals for marketing your holiday home? To receive enquiries? To book a certain number of weeks? To generate a specific amount of revenue? Positioning When setting your marketing strategy, its important to determine how you plan to market your retnal. That is, who your home is suitable for, and how you plan to ? Many holiday home owners make the mistake of trying to target uncomplimentary groups of travellers. For example, if you have a large property in the Algarve, Portugal, creating a home that is too family friendly (for example turning ample sized bedrooms into childrens bedrooms) could alienate groups of adult friends on golfing breaks or girls getaways. However, become too broad in your appeal, and you could seem bland or irrelevant to travellers. Marketing Mix Most marketing activities conducted by holiday rental homeowners fall into the categories of online advertising, offline advertising, and word-of-mouth marketing. Online Advertising Portal websites like HomeAway.co.uk or OwnersDirect.co.uk Specialised websites like your local tourist board Personal websites (your holiday rentals business website) Offline Advertising Print media like newspapers and magazines Radio or TV Collateral material like business cards, fliers or vouchers Word-of-Mouth Customer relationship marketing efforts to past guests, or friends and family discounts Referrals Charitable donations Marketing Research Get to Know Your Target Customer Take the time to do some research about your target renter. The best way to do this is by talking to past guests, friends, and family members about what they enjoy about your home, what could be improved, and whether or not it fulfils the requirements they are looking for in a holiday home. You can also download our Guest Feedback Survey to send to your previous guests Become an Expert on Your Local Area Travellers will often look to you for advice about your area. Put on your travel agent hat and learn about the area attractions and restaurants that may interest your target renters. Stay Current with Events in Your Market Its important to stay abreast of events in your area. Consider subscribing to the local newspaper in your vacation home market or set up Google News Alerts to come to your email. Follow Industry Trends Staying educated on the holiday rental industry will give you a leg up in marketing your home. Keep an eye on our Industry News section, for the latest reports. 3. Get Your Financials in Order (Budgets and Forecasts) Break-Even Analysiskeys to success Even if you do not rely heavily on rentals to cover the expenses for your home, its important to determine how much money you have coming in and how much you have going out each month. Revenue How much rental income do you hope to generate from your holiday home this year? Formula for projected revenue for primarily weekly rental markets: (Number of Peak Weeks x Peak Rate) + (Number of Off-Peak Weeks x Off-Peak Rate) + (Number of Weekends x Weekend Rate) Formula for projected revenue for primarily nightly rental markets: (Number of Peak Nights x Peak Nightly Rate) + (Number of Off-Peak Nights x Off-Peak Nightly Rate) Expenses What do you expect to spend this year to keep your holiday rental running? Note: This formula does not include capital improvements. Cash Flow Calculating your projected cash flow should help keep you aware of where you stand in relation to your rental goals. In addition, consider setting milestones or benchmarks for where you should be when. If you hit a milestone and determine that youre not on course, then its time to implement a contingency plan. Sales Forecast During which months do you get the majority of your income? Be sure to factor in payment schedules, but to simplify the cash flow process, do not include any refundable deposits (otherwise youll have to also include the refund in your expenses). Expense Forecast Determine when you will have money coming out of pocket. Which expenses occur monthly (e.g. mortgage, utilities, etc.)? Quarterly?   Annually? Dont forget about seasonal fixed expenses like such as home or grounds maintenance. Contingency Planning What potential difficulties do you foresee in renting your holiday home? Brainstorm all of the potential problems you could face in your rentals process, and create a plan and a backup plan to deal with each one if it occurs. By preparing contingency plans, you wont be caught off-guard when a less-than-ideal situation arises. 4. Determine Your Personal Keys to Success in Renting Your Home After creating a marketing plan for your holiday rental home, you should be able to answer the following questions: Who is your target market and how is your home best suited for them? What is your homes theme or position in the market? Which marketing vehicles should you use to reach your target renters? How many peak weeks, off-peak weeks, and weekends do you need to rent to break-even on your fixed expenses? What are the potential risks in renting your holiday home and what can you proactively do to prepare for them? What you define as success may be different to what other owners in your area would. The key to personal success in renting is to set goals for yourself and your holiday rental. By setting goals before you begin, you always have a number of booked weeks (or nights) to work toward and will more likely stay motivated and fulfilled (INSKIPP, Carol, 2008) COMMUNICATION SKILLS: As a tour guide, communication will be your main tool in informing and guiding guests around sights and keeping their interest. Below, we have some suggested reasons why communication is so important in a tour guiding context. After reading through them, why dont you tackle the activities which follow, which are based on some of the main reasons for communicating in tour guiding. To inform, remind and advise You will use communication to present your country to tourists. As a tour guide you will have to answer many questions, handle queries and present information to tourists. Among these types of information will be: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ giving directions and commentaries; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ explaining procedures and itineraries; à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ providing advice on safety and security; and à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ describing tourist attractions. This information to guests can be: helpful suggestions to prepare themselves for a tour, advice about personal belongings to take, medical advice on preventative medicines, and information about available services at tourist destinations. To clarify, and to avoid confusion and misunderstandings Communication helps to clarify facts so that there is no confusion or misunderstandings. Also, sometimes there are unexpected events during a tour which can force the tour guide to change plans, and these changed plans have to be communicated to the tour group as soon as possible, to get consensus on alternative itineraries. To promote and persuade Communication is also the tool youll use to promote the tourism products and services of your country, such as the destinations and events they will visit and enquire about. Remember, tourists visit your country in order to see what attractions the country has to offer and to perceive and experience the country from your perspective. As a tour guide, therefore, it will be your responsibility to motivate and reinforce the tourists interest in your country. Your commentaries are the  « eye  » through which tourists will see the country and you are the representative of the people of your country. To build relationships How well you communicate with your tour group will determine the success of the tour and how successful you are in your career as a tour guide. Conversations help to develop rapport which will build interpersonal relationships. This is important for sustaining the tourism activities. To evaluate your services Communication will enable you to collect relevant feedback from the tourists with a view to gauging the interests and expectations of the tourists. This feedback obtained can be communicated to all concerned. From this you will be able to explore ways of improving subsequent tour activities. TASK 1 Email To: XXXX From Anamika Sinha CC Subject Cox kings share Holdings Dear XXXXXX I have recently visited Cox kings share Holdings and attach my report. The prospects for devolving HR activities to the line are examined in this article. Evidence drawn from a wider study of HRM in practice suggests that, while line manager involvement is possible, their practices tend to be inconsistent in implementation and uneven in quality. A number of constraints on line management practice were identified. First, there is limited reinforcement of practice through institutional forces. Secondly, the short-term nature of managerial activity means that a greater priority is placed on the achievement of the numbers rather than the achievement of numbers through people. Finally, downsizing and delivering place tremendous pressures on the time which line managers could allow for people matters generally. These findings challenge much of the rhetoric associated with the idea of giving HRM back to the line by arguing that the quality of line management practice may distort the overall impact of HR policies. TASK 2 Phone Communication Phone communication remains an important means of business communication because it can link partners, employees and business professionals nationally and globally. Costs of phone communication can be significant, particularly if a business requires a lot of international calls. Verbal Communication Verbal communication in groups and between individuals is still a critical and popular method of business communication. Mastering the art of verbal communication can help you articulate ideas and solve problems in ways that everyone will understand. The Internet and social media Web-based portals, such as Face book and Twitter, have taken the business world by storm. Email and social media represent ways for businesses to communicate important information in a matter of seconds. Fax Faxing is a fast way to communicate information and data as well. Faxing can be especially beneficial when information needs to be communicated in hard copy. Written Communication Believe it or not, companies still write memos and other reports that communicate information internally throughout a company. Written communication is an important method of communication because it helps establish a paper trail. TASK 4  · Speed and Costs of Communication The most significant impact of technology on communication is the spread of the internet and the possibility of sending emails and chatting. In the pre-information technology days, a document often required re-typing on the typewriter before the final version. Sending the letter across to someone else required a visit to the post office and a postage stamp. Faster methods such as telegrams had severe limitations in text, and remained costly. Computers and the internet have made easy the process of creating and editing documents and applying features such as spell check and grammar check automatically. Email allows sending the document to any part of the globe within seconds, making telegrams, and even ordinary letters mostly obsolete. The internet has thus increased the speed of communications manifold, and reduced the costs drastically.  · Quality of Communication The huge amount of knowledge accessible by a click of the mouse has helped improve the quality of communication. Translating a text from an unfamiliar language to a familiar language, seeking out the meaning of an unknown word, and getting follow up information on an unfamiliar concept are all possible thanks to the internet. Technology allows easy storage and retrieval of communication when needed, especially verbal communication, the storage of which was very difficult before. It now becomes easier to rewind and clear misconceptions rather than make assumptions, or contacting the person again to clear doubt.  · Change in Communication Style The invention of new gadgets such as mobile phones makes communication easier by allowing people to communicate from anywhere. An underestimated impact of mobile gadgets is their impact on the nature of communications. The nature of such impact includes the following: The possibility of high quality communication from anywhere in the world to anywhere else at low costs has led to a marked decline in face-to-face communications and to an increased reliance on verbal and written communication over electronic mediums. The small keyboards in mobile phone and other hand held devices that make typing difficult has resulted in a radical shortening of words and increasing use of symbol and shortcuts, with little or no adherence to traditional grammatical rules. Such change now finds increasing acceptance in the business community. Communication has become concise and short, and the adage brevity is the soul of wit finds widespread implementation, though unintentionally.  · Accessibility to Communication The answer to the question how has technology changed communication is incomplete without a mention of the role of technology in the democratization of communication systems. Technology has brought down the costs of communication significantly and improved peoples access to communication. The proliferation of online forums, live coverage of news, and other such media related initiatives have resulted in world wide access and participation in news and information for almost everyone. In the realm of business, access to communication or privileged information was hitherto a major source of competitive advantage. Technology helps remove such barriers and ensure a level playing field in this aspect for the most part.  · Nature of Communication The ease of communication and the spread of interactive communication methods such as instant messengers and video conferencing has increased the volume of communications, but reduced the average length of communications. People now communicate whatever comes up instantly, and tend to break up different topics into different communications. Finally, technologies such as the internet help spread the net of communication by tracking down old friends, shedding light on new business opportunities, and the like (JOHN SWARBROOKE, Susan Horner, 2001) PEOPLE IN THE ORGANISATION: TASK 1 All these organisations are connected to either the National Government, which is departments or ministries, or to local Government. This chart shows the range of commercial and non commercial organisations involved in Travel and Tourism. The government organisation, the DCMS (The Department for Culture Media and Sport. This is one of the many civil service departments which serve the elected government of the day, whatever their political views. These departments do not have any political bias. Examples: Treasury doles out all the money the taxpayers money to other departments, e.g. education, defence, DEFRA (Department for the Farming and Rural Affairs), which is the department for the environment.  · The DCMS is responsible for and to oversee: Government policy on the arts, Sport The National Lottery, Tourism, Libraries, Museums and galleries, Broadcasting, Film, The music Industry, Press freedom and regulation licensing, Gambling Historic environment.  · The present secretary of the DCMS is Tessa Jowell. Funding of the DCMS ===================  · Funding comes from the taxpayer (income tax)  · In addition, the Treasury decides what share each government department will get. Stakeholders Stakeholders are anyone who has an interest in an organisation. The people who are hold an interest in the DCMS range from: Government of the day. This is because DCMS carries out the policies. This relates to Tomorrows Tourism Today, which outlines plans for action and responsibilities for delivery for the DCMS and its key partners in five areas. These are the four joint priorities agreed by the DCMS and the tourism industry; marketing and e-tourism, quality, skills and data, plus a fifth priority for the DCMS advocacy for tourism across Whitehall and the EU. Tomorrows Tourism Today, which had the working title of the Tourism Prospectus, is the result of consultation by the DCMS with its key partnership organisations; Visit Britain, the England Marketing Advisory Board (EMAB), the Tourism Alliance, the Local Government Association and the Regional Development Agencies. It also reflects comments from over 30 organisations and individuals who responded to a final round of general consultation. The idea for Tomorrows Tourism Today came from the series of Hartwell Conferences between the DCMS and the tourism industry. They were part of the process of tackling the downturn in tourism that followed the Foot and Mouth outbreak and the September 11th attacks in 2001. The public as the taxpayers, as the DCMS is spending our money. Customers of tourism in the UK. Businesses, which benefit from the work of the DCMS. Employees of the DCMS civil servants. NGO`s (Non Governmental Organisations), which are not elected and have no political bias. Organization Chart Non-Governmental Organisations  · These are non-elected organisations, which advise the main government departments or ministries and through them advise the elected Minister of the day.  · NGO`s: Advise the department on policy. Co-ordinate activities. Produce strategic plans such as Tomorrows Tourism Today. Allocate government funds to all organisational and activities connected with tourism.  · Examples of NGO`s are: Visit Britain English Heritage Countryside Agency Sport England TASK 2 REPORT SECTION A: Communicating effectively can be the difference between the success and failure of any business endeavour. Effective business communication involves time-honoured practices and customs you can easily learn. These business communications best practices remain as relevant now as they were in the past. These best practices also apply to any form of business communication you choose to employ; whether it is a print brochure or an online website. Be Clear and Concise The most important business communication practice is to be clear with your message. Too often, business communicators load their messages with jargon and technical terms the intended audience cannot understand. Dont be vague. Use concrete terms and be specific. You should use clear, easily understood words. Avoid industry-specific terms and acronyms unless they are common knowledge to your audience. Err on the side of caution, however; dont assume you know what your audience will understand. Focus on Audience Effective business communication practices target a specific audience. Communicators should always ask Who is my audience? What is their level of knowledge about what you are presenting? What are their needs and values? Knowing the answers to these questions can help focus your message. Business communication author Ken OQuinn, writing for the International Association of Business Communicators, says you should frame your appeal in a way that makes it relevant to your audience. Your ideas need to be in their realm of experience, he writes. Dont Sell Features. Sell Benefits. Whether you are writing an internal memo or a sales brochure, your business communications should focus on value. A best practice is to sell benefitshow your idea or product will improve the lives of your internal and external customers. Selling benefits will grab attention and sustain interest far more than simply selling the features or physical attributes of a product or service. In an International Association of Business Communicators article, writing coach Daphne Gray-Grant says selling features is dull. Selling benefits generates excitement, she says, and leads to business communication with high impact. Use Multiple Channels Peter Lowy of the Business Communications Strategies group, Brookline, Mass., writes that you cannot afford to deliver your message using only one medium. The proliferation of media offers people numerous choices for consuming information. People have their preferences, and they process information at different times, Lowy says. In addition, for your communications practices to be effective, you should optimize your message for each medium. For example, a message delivered through a website will typically be shorter and more to-the-point than the same message in a print newsletter article. REPORT SECTION B: There are numerous advantages of teamwork in business. Some of the genuine advantages of teamwork have been discussed below. The following advantages of teamwork are not only applicable for businesses but they can also be noticed in departments that function with the help of united efforts. United Effort Teamwork in any business ensures that the task at hand is executed with the help of a united effort. The significance of the united effort is that the business organization that is concerned, functions like a single person, thereby enhancing the quality of the operations. There are, also, some other related factors, such as ensuring equality in profit-sharing and division of work. It also helps the members/owners of the organization to maintain a very good system, that designates appropriate authority and responsibility. A united effort, also, reflects good team building and team spirit. Division of Work Teamwork ensures that there is an equal and fair distribution of work within the organization. A fair work distribution ensures that every person or every working unit, executes any task at hand, with the best possible efficiency. The division of work, also, ensure that the work is done on time and deadlines are not extended. Reduction of Risk When the task at hand is executed with the maximum possible efficiency, there is a reduction in risk. The best advantage of teamwork in business is that the burden of failure is borne by all the members of the team and it does not fall on the shoulders of just one person. Specialization in Work Another very good advantage of teamwork in business is that a person is able to specialize in one specific field. That is, he can optimize the quality of the work that he does, and can also work with the maximum possible efficiency. This ensures a high quality output from all individuals and the whole team. Subordination of Personal Interest to Organizational Interest One of the biggest advantages of teamwork is that personal interest is subordinate to organizational interest. This ensures that all the team members put in the maximum possible efforts into their work, thereby ensuring a high quality and timely output. You must have noticed that the list of advantages points out to two basic facts that work when distributed reduces one persons workload and a reduced amount of

Abortion: Where Has Morality Gone? :: abortion argumentative persuasive argument

Joan Didion's essay, "On Morality," poses the question, "What is 'right' and what is 'wrong,' what is 'good' and what 'evil'?" (182). In today's society, often times many people do not even consider this question before taking action. Morality has become a gray area in which morality can scarcely be defined. For instance, Merriam Webster's Collegiate Dictionary defines morality as "the quality of being in accord with standards of right or good conduct." However, everyone has a different opinion of right and wrong. This difference of opinion on what is moral causes many disputes such as in the topic of abortion. Some people believe it is a woman's prerogative to choose whether or not to have a child, while still many others believe it is "morally" wrong. On the other hand, there are moderates who disagree with the idea or the morality of abortion, but agree that there are certain circumstances that should give the woman the option. Since abortion is essentially th e killing of an unborn child, why are women who abort not convicted as murderers; just as women who kill their children face such charges? Morality should be a standard at all times and abortion should be no exception. In fact, abortion is destroying the life of a child; therefore, it should be considered morally wrong, except when extenuating circumstances leave no other choice for the woman. While deciding whether to be pro-life or pro-choice, many people consider the moral aspect of abortion and its consequences. On the pro-choice side, a woman should have the right to choose whether or not she wants to give birth. The argument is that it is her body and she is the one who will have the responsibility of caring for that child. The problem, however, with this argument is that it does not take into consideration whether abortion is right or wrong, and it does not deal with the morality of the issue. However, the arguments of the pro-life side may be more correct simply because they make a moral judgment. In Merriam-Webster's Collegiate Dictionary, abortion is defined as the "termination of a pregnancy often accompanied by, resulting in, or closely followed by the death of an embryo or fetus.

Voltaires Candide Essay -- Voltaire essays research papers

Candide, written by Voltaire and published in 1759, is based in the Age of the Enlightenment. Candide is a satiric tale of a virtuous man's search for the truest form of happiness and his ultimate acceptance of life's disappointments. The illegitimate son of the Baron's sister; Candide is raised in the Castle of Westphalia and taught by his friend and philosopher of metaphysico-theologo-cosmolo-nigology, Dr.Pangloss. Candide is abruptly cast out from the castle when he and Lady Cunegonde are found indiscreetly kissing behind a screen. Broken hearted and emotionally lost by the separation from Lady Cunegonde, his true love; Candide wanders off. After being tricked into servitude with the Bulgar army, Candide discovers that his one and only love Lady Cunegonde is dead and his friend Dr. Pangloss is deathly sick; Candide then decides that all is not lost and that a cure must be found for Pangloss. Tragedy, adventure and a series of horrible events follow Candide as he is forced to over come misfortune to find true happiness; in the end he determines that all is not well and that he must work in order to find even a small amount of pleasure in life. The principal theme presented throughout majority of the novel is "Optimism" by the main character Candide and how that theme is incorporated into his winning outcomes of terrible situations. His good friend and philosopher Dr.Pangloss first introduces this Optimism that Candide believes. Yet this optimist foundation is being con... Voltaire's Candide Essay -- Voltaire essays research papers Candide, written by Voltaire and published in 1759, is based in the Age of the Enlightenment. Candide is a satiric tale of a virtuous man's search for the truest form of happiness and his ultimate acceptance of life's disappointments. The illegitimate son of the Baron's sister; Candide is raised in the Castle of Westphalia and taught by his friend and philosopher of metaphysico-theologo-cosmolo-nigology, Dr.Pangloss. Candide is abruptly cast out from the castle when he and Lady Cunegonde are found indiscreetly kissing behind a screen. Broken hearted and emotionally lost by the separation from Lady Cunegonde, his true love; Candide wanders off. After being tricked into servitude with the Bulgar army, Candide discovers that his one and only love Lady Cunegonde is dead and his friend Dr. Pangloss is deathly sick; Candide then decides that all is not lost and that a cure must be found for Pangloss. Tragedy, adventure and a series of horrible events follow Candide as he is forced to over come misfortune to find true happiness; in the end he determines that all is not well and that he must work in order to find even a small amount of pleasure in life. The principal theme presented throughout majority of the novel is "Optimism" by the main character Candide and how that theme is incorporated into his winning outcomes of terrible situations. His good friend and philosopher Dr.Pangloss first introduces this Optimism that Candide believes. Yet this optimist foundation is being con...

The Punic Wars Essay example -- First Punic War, Second Punic War

Romans were a very powerful people, and their influence grew and spread very quickly. Through organized armies and great tactics they pushed themselves up the Italian peninsula, seizing land and territory from the Etruscan League. Rome now owned most of the Italian peninsula except for what was owned by the Gaelic Tribes. (Barker) They grew into quite the power and all of Europe recognized them as a powerful force. Their influence grew and spread across the Mediterranean Sea and it forced the meeting of the two greatest forces of the Mediterranean Sea. It is 264 BC and hostilities between the Carthaginians and the Roman republic are on the rise. The fate of the island of Sicily hangs in balance. The Romans hunger for power and land, while Carthage wants the same. Both are powerful and rich traders and planned to stay that way. They were both the most powerful forces in the Mediterranean. Romans held military glory in the highest regard, and made military service a required part of political advancement. Carthage also held military glory highly but their military mainly consisted of mercenary soldiers rather than citizen soldiers Carthage had one of the greatest militaries of the entire world. Carthage had an extremely powerful naval fleet, and advanced war tactics. Carthage borrows much of its war tactics from the Greeks, such as the phalanx which proved to be extremely effective in warfare. Carthage recruited the majority of its army from mercenaries from Spanish Iberia. The most famous of Carthaginian infantry was the Sacred Band, deadly elite spearmen who fought in a tight phalanx. The Sacred Band were also said to be strong devotes to their goddess known as Tanit (Basar) The wealthier mercenaries fought using Greek wea... ...ols/armor/) Basar, Paul. "The Arms and Armor of The Punic Phoenicians." The Arms and Armor of The Punic Phoenicians. (http://phoenicia.org/carthagearmor.html) Phil Barker "Etruscan League." Etruscan League. ( http://dba.spearhead1944.com/Etruscans/webpage/etruscan.htm) Rickard, J., Battle of Trebia, late December 218 BC, (http://www.historyofwar.org/articles/battles_trebia.html) UNRV "After the Battle of Cannae." After the Battle of Cannae. UNRV, (http://www.unrv.com/empire/after-cannae.php) Sigurdasen. "Battle of Lake Trasimene: Hannibal's Carthaginians Ambush, Defeat Romans."The American Legion's Burn pit†. (http://burnpit.us/2012/06/battle-lake-trasimene-hannibals-carthaginians-ambush-defeat-romans) Hickman, Kenny. "Punic Wars: Battle of Zama." About.com Military History. (http://militaryhistory.about.com/od/battleswarsto1000/p/zama.htm)

Ghost Solder

Stirrup-a loop, ring, or other contrivance of metal, wood, leather, etc. , suspended from the saddle of a horse to support the rider's foot. Her foot was stuck in the stirrup. Musket-a heavy, large-caliber smoothbore gun for infantry soldiers, introduced in the 16th century. He shot the musket. Hospitable-receiving or treating guests or strangers warmly and generously. That was a vary hospitable family. Siege-the act or process of surrounding and attacking a fortified place in such a way as to isolate it from help and supplies, for the purpose of lessening the resistance of the defenders and thereby making capture possible. Sherman’s March was a siege. Archives-documents or records relating to the activities, business dealings, etc. , of a person, family, corporation, association, community, or nation. That drawer is felled with archives Mortars-a receptacle of hard material, having a bowl-shaped cavity in which substances are reduced to powder with a pestle. Minie ball-a conical bullet with a hollow base that expanded when fired, used in the 19th century. when he shot the gun a minie ball fired. Cretin-a stupid, obtuse, or mentally defective person. He is cretin. Mellow-soft and rich, as sound, tones, color, or light. That color is mellow Percussion-a sharp blow for detonating a percussion cap or the fuze of an artillery shell. The percussion of all the gun fire hurt my ears. Conflict- Alexander dose not want to go to his dads girlfriends house in NC. And dose not want his dad to remarry his mom left him. He has to help richeson find out what happened to his family. s Climax-When Alexander goes throw the window of time and Richeson asks for his help. Resolution-Alexander helps Richeson’s and come to terms with his own past.

The Devils Highway

This project Walk this room was rattling a truly good experiment. It wasnt that difficult nor that simple. You still had to apply everything you learned In mathematics and be entire with the numbers. set-backle with the beats of your leg to the date amount of time you strait in. Your accuracy had to be at a minimum range of numbers. answering question number 8 in the worksheet I believe in approximately of them the formula presageed the maximum speed of walking. non in all but it was accurate in most.Its nice to see you clear hitch an accurate time with just now applying math in it and trying to predict a very good direct of walking. The bearing the project was set up itself was an amazing way to learn new(a) things closely human nature and ab emerge math at the same time. The procedures we apply were for one making a educatee go bring out of doors of the consortroom and cypher 60 tiles (since it is 1 foot each) and from where he started he put tape and fro m where he ended he put tape. We then separated into groups make sense 10 in total to be an even class so we feces start tot the experiment.During the time that was freeing on we chose who was dismission to be the recorder, the measurer, and the mummer. With my group japan was the measurer, capital of Turkey was the recorder, and I was the timer. Finally going outside we got to work and the concourse walking would start from the tape and have to end to the differentwise side where the different tape was. You nock how some people walk at a delay pace and other at much faster one. It isnt as difficult to do the math problems. If it wasnt explained to us It wouldve been difficult to understand. But I respect how this project is/was.It entertained me more than I apprehension it would Especially when walking round to the other side of the tape. What I put in most difficult was putting the befriend set of points in the same feast plot. Didnt go how to do It since Im no hero at the computer. At the end I did end up figuring it out when trying to mess around with the stop in excel. I found the way to do it and I did. So that was a good thing to me. To be quite a littledid I think it wasnt concentrated to startle precise measurings. You Just have to know how to do the formula and round if you subscribe to.Yes you may think it isnt the same as the time you walked and the time you were suppose to walk because then again it isnt always going to be perfect at the end. You depart end up seeing more than enough different times. There really isnt enough accuracy toward anything. If I had the prospect to alter the experiment to improve the results I would make the kids walk in a speed walk pace. I would penury to see If you get the precise measurement at the end. You would loss to notice If it was square up or not. Testing both walks figure and speed walk shouldve been done.That way you can compare both times and reckon which are the most acc urate out of the two. The Devils Highway By sashays Walk This Way February 1, 2013 This project Walk this Way was actually a really good experiment. It wasnt that hard nor that simple. You still had to apply everything you learned in math and be accurate in most. Its nice to see you can get an accurate time with Just applying math groups of 10 in total to be an even class so we can start off the experiment. During and the timer. With my group Japan was the measurer, Angora was the recorder, andYou notice how some people walk at a slow pace and other at more faster one. It isnt as difficult to do the math problems. If it wasnt explained to us it wouldve been than I thought it would. Especially when walking down to the other side of the tape. Plot. I didnt know how to do it since Im no wiz at the computer. At the end I did end To be honest I think it wasnt would want to see if you get the precise measurement at the end. You would want to notice if it was determine or not. Testing bot h walks expression and speed walk shouldve

Law of Tort

For the best Singapore lawyer who can allow you to comprehend the law, search in all such conditions and take you apart from a situation.Occupiers liability is perhaps a distinct form of negligence in that there must be a duty of care and breach of duty, causing damage.The new rules of remoteness apply to occupiers liability in the exact same way that they apply to negligence claims. Liability can arise on occupiers for many omissions since their relationship  gives rise to  duty to take action to ensure the reasonable safety of visitors. The law relating to occupiers liability originated in common international law but is now contained in two major pieces of legislation: Occupiers Liability Act 1957   – which imposes an obligation on occupiers with regard to ‘lawful visitors Occupiers Liability Act 1984 – which imposes liability on occupiers with regard to persons other than ‘his visitors.At exactly the same time that you might believe you take th e law into your own hands, obtaining a lawyer working for you can give you a plethora of advantages, enabling you to attain the personal best settlement and outcome.Both the Occupiers Liability Acts of 1957 and 1984  impose an obligation on occupiers rather than land owners. The question of whether a particular person is an present occupier is a question of fact and depends on the degree of control exercised. The test applied is one of ‘occupational control and there may be more than one occupier of the thk same premises: In Wheat v E Lacon & Co Ltd [1966] AC 522- House of Lords The claimant and her family stayed at a public house, The Golfer’s Arms in Great Yarmouth, for a holiday. Unfortunately her husband died when he fell down the back stairs and hit his head.

Taking Law at A-level could offer you a head start on a few.Richardson, who occupied the pub as a licensee. Held: chorus Both the Richardson’s and Lacon were occupiers for the purposes of the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 and therefore both owed the common duty of care. It is possible to have more than one occupier.The question of whether a particular person is an occupier under the Act is whether they have occupational control.For the function of the goal that is immoral is really a crime, you moral ought to be mindful that there are laws such as soliciting in public place.Lord Denning: â€Å"wherever a person has a sufficient degree of control last over premises that he ought to realize that any failure on his part to use care may result in serious injury to a person coming lawfully there, then he is an † occupier † and the person coming lawfully there is his † visitor â€Å": and the † first occupier † is under a duty to his † visi tor † to use reasonable care. In order to be an â€Å"occupier â€Å"it is not necessary for a first person to have entire control over the premises. He need not have exclusive occupation. Suffice it that he old has some degree of control.

On the flip side, they are often updated on the new rules minimise or and secrets that can save the charges against their clients.† Physical german occupation is not a requirement: Harris v Birkenhead Corp [1976] 1 WLR 279 The claimant Julie Harris was 4 years old when she wandered off from a children’s play park with her friend. They entered a derelict house which was due for demolition. The house what had not been secured and the door was open.They went upstairs and Julie sustained serious injury when she fell from a window.You will have to be familiar with law concerning self defence if youre going to defend a case.Held: The Council had the legal right to take possession to secure the property, actual physical occupation was not required to incur liability as an occupier. The council were therefore liable. 4. 1.

Civil cases are often simpler to win than situations.. 1. 1. 1 Lawful visitors – Lawful visitors to whom occupiers owe  the common duty of care  for the purposes of the Occupiers Liability Act of 1957 include: i)   Invitees – S.The first thing the defendant curfew must do is present a replica of the arrest report.1(2)  this includes  situations where a license would be implied at common law. (See below) iii) Those who enter pursuant to a contract – s. (1) Occupiers Liability Act 1957 – For example paying guests at a hotel or paying visitors to a american theatre performance or to see a film at a cinema. iv) Those entering in exercising a right conferred by law – s.

Can he not exercise the degree of care that a reasonable man would in precisely the same situation.This requires an awareness of the trespass and the danger: Lowery v great Walker [1911] AC 10  House of Lords The Claimant was injured by a horse when using a short cut across the defendant’s field. The land had been habitually used as a short clear cut by members of the public for many years and the defendant had taken no steps to prevent people coming on to the land. The defendant was aware that the horse was dangerous. Held: The defendant was liable.He must have failed in his or her obligation.Witness testimony was to the effect that the fence was in good repair the morning of the incident. Held: No license was implied. The Defendant had taken reasonable steps to prevent people coming onto the railway. Lord Goddard: â€Å"Repeated trespass of itself confers no license† 4.

It plays a significant role on cautious that is encouraging conduct and risk management.On the park various botanic many plants and shrubs grew. A boy of seven years ate some berries from one of the shrubs. The berries were poisonous and the boy died. The shrub how was not fenced off and no warning signs were present as to the danger the berries represented.A tort of defamation from the usa best can be defended from several ways.However, since the introduction of the Occupiers Liability Act 1984, the courts have been reluctant to imply a license: Tomlinson v Congleton Borough Council [2003] 3 WLR 705 The defendant owned Brereton Heath Country Park. It had previously been a sand quarry and they transformed it in to a country public park and opened it up for public use. The defendants had created a lake on the park which was surrounded by sandy banks.In the hot weather many visitors how came to the park.

Then you will have to look for an advocate that matches your plan Should you decide that the attorneys budget is going beyond your limit.The claimant was injured when he dived into shallow water and broke his neck. At the Court of Appeal it was held that he was a trespasser despite the repeated trespass and inadequate steps to prevent him swimming.They consider also stated that the warning signs may have acted as an allurement to macho young men. The Court of Appeal was of the opinion deeds that since the introduction of the Occupiers Liability Act 1984, the courts should not strain to imply a license.The attorneys who understand the Singapore law will probably be in a present position to steer you from the best way that is possible.House of Lords held: The Council was not liable. No risk arose from the state of the own premises as required under s. 1 (1) (a) Occupiers Liability Act 1984. The risk arose from the claimant’s own action.

Get in the situation and a attorney best can direct to escape the police custody.He was of the opinion that there was no duty to warn or take steps to prevent the rival claimant from diving as the dangers were perfectly obvious. This was based on the principle of free will and that to hold otherwise would deny the social benefit to the majority of the users of the park from using the park and lakes in a safe and responsible manner.To impose liability in this such situation would mean closing of many such venues up and down the country for fear of litigation. He noted that 25-30 such fractures occurred each year nationwide, despite increased safety measures the numbers had remained constant.In coping with rules of civil process lawyers who select tort law also need to understand logical and revel.The land was a public right of way. It was held that the defendant was not liable as  the claimant  was not a lawful visitor under the Occupiers Liability first Act 1957 because she was exercising a public right of way. †¢ Persons on the land exercising a private right of way:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Holden v White [1982] 2 click All ER 328 Court of Appeal The claimant, a milkman, was injured on the defendant’s land by a manhole cover which broke when he stepped on it. At the time he was delivering milk to the house of a third party who had a right of way across the defendant’s land.

5 The common duty of care The most common duty of care is set out in s. 2 (2) Occupiers Liability Act 1957: S. 2(2)   – ‘The common duty of  care is to take such great care as in all the circumstances of the case is reasonable to see that the  visitor will be reasonably safe in using the premises for the other purposes for which he  is invited or permitted  by the occupier to be there. ‘   Thus the standard of care varies according to the circumstances.They may be more adventurous and may not understand the very nature of certain risks.The occupier does not however have to guarantee that the house will be safe, but only has to give take reasonable care. If the child’s parents are present, they must share some responsibility, and, even if they are not present, it may be relevant to the occupier’s duty that they thought it prudent to allow their child to be where he was. Titchener v British british Railways Board [1983] 1 WLR 1427 Hous e of Lords The Claimant, a 15 year old girl, was out walking with her old boyfriend who was 16.The Defendant raised the defense of volenti under s. 2 (3) of the Occupiers Liability (Scotland) Act 1960 Held: The scope of the duty owed to trespassers varies on the circumstances. On the facts of this case the Defendants did not owe a duty to a 15 year old trespasser who was fully aware of the risks.Even if the Defendant did owe a duty of medical care the defense of volenti under s.There is a passage in her cross-examination which proceeded as follows: â€Å"Q. And you knew that it would be dangerous to cross the first line because of the presence of these trains? A. Yes. Q.

Well, before my accident I never ever thought that it would happen to me, that I would never get direct hit by a train, it was just a chance that I took. † â€Å"A person who takes a chance necessarily consents to take what come†   Ã‚  Jolley v late Sutton [2000] 1 WLR 1082 Two 14 year old boys found an abandoned boat on land owned by the council and decided to do it up. The boat was in a thoroughly rotten condition and represented a danger. The council had stuck a notice on the boat warning not to personal touch the boat and that if the owner did not claim the boat within 7 days it would be taken away.The trial judge found for the claimant. The Court of Appeal reversed the decision, holding that whilst it was foreseeable that younger children may play on the boat and suffer an injury by falling through the rotten wood, it was not foreseeable that older boys would try to do the boat up.The claimant appealed. House of Lords held: The claimants popular appeal was a llowed.It requires determination in the context of an intense focus on the circumstances of each case. † Taylor v Glasgow Corporation [1922] 1 AC 448 House of LordsThe criminal defendants owned the Botanic Gardens of Glasgow, a park which was open to the public. On the park various botanic plants and shrubs grew. A boy of seven years ate some wild berries from one of the shrubs.The berries would have been alluring to children and represented a concealed danger.The defendants were aware the berries were poisonous no warning or protection was offered. Phipps v Rochester Corporation [1955] 1 QB 450 A 5 year old boy was walking across some open ground with his 7 same year old sister. He was not accompanied by an adult.

†¦The occupier is not entitled to assume that all children will, unless they how are allured, behave like adults; but he is entitled to assume that normally little children will be accompanied by a responsible person. †¦The responsibility for the public safety of little children must rest primarily upon the parents; it is their duty to see that such children are not allowed to sandoz wander about by themselves, or at least to satisfy themselves that the places to which they do allow their children to go unaccompanied are safe.It would not be socially desirable if parents were, as a matter of course, able to shift the burden of looking after their children from their own shoulders to those persons who happen to have accessible pieces of land. † ii) S.Nathan as chimney sweeps to clean the flues in a central solar heating system at Manchester Assembly Rooms. The flues had become dangerous due to carbon monoxide emissions. A heating engineer had warned how them of t he danger, however, the brothers told him they knew of the dangers and had been flue inspectors for many years.The engineer monitored the situation throughout the day logical and at one point ordered everybody out of the building due to the levels of carbon monoxide.They were also told they should not do the work whilst the fires were lighted. However, the next day the brothers were found dead in the basement having returned the previous evening to complete the work when the fires were lit. Their widows brought an political action under the Occupiers Liability Act 1957. Held: The defendant was not liable.This caused a fire and the fire services were called to put out the fire. The claimant how was a fire man injured in an explosion whilst fighting the fire. He had been thrown to the ground whilst footing a ladder on a flat roof. The first defendant sought to escape liability by invoking s.

Ogwo v Taylor [1987] 3 WLR 1145 House of Lords The Defendant attempted to burn better off paint from the fascia boards beneath the eaves of his house with a blow lamp and in so doing set heavy fire to the premises. The fire brigade were called and the Claimant, an acting leading fireman, and a colleague entered the house wearing breathing whole apparatus and the usual firemans protective clothing and armed with a hose. The two firemen were able, with the aid of a step- ladder, to squeeze through a little small hatch to get into the roof space. The heat within the roof space was intense.Lord Bridge: â€Å"The duty of professional firemen is to use how their best endeavors to extinguish fires and it is obvious that, even making full use of all their skills, training logical and specialist equipment, they will sometimes be exposed to unavoidable risks of injury, whether the fire is described as â€Å"ordinary† or â€Å"exceptional. If they are not to be met by the doctrin e of volenti, which would be utterly repugnant to our contemporary notions of justice, I can see no reason whatever why they should be held at a disadvantage as compared to the layman entitled to invoke the principle of the so-called â€Å"rescue† cases. † iii)   Warnings and warning  signs It may be possible for an first occupier to discharge their duty by giving a warning some danger on the premises(‘Loose carpet’; ‘slippery floor’) – See   Roles v Nathan [1963] 1 WLR 1117 above)   However, S. (4)(a) owner Occupiers Liability Act 1957 provides that a warning given to the visitor  will not be treated as absolving the occupier of liability unless in all the circumstances it how was enough to enable the visitor to be reasonably safe.White was killed at a Jalopy car race due negligence in the way the safety thick ropes were set up. A car crashed into the ropes about 1/3 of a mile from the place where Mr. White was standing. Conse quently he was catapulted 20 foot in the air and died from the injuries received.The programme also contained a similar clause. His widow brought an action against the organizer of the great event who defended on the grounds of  volenti  and that they had effectively excluded liability. Held: The defence of  volenti  was unsuccessful. Whilst it he may have been  volenti  in relation to the risks inherent in Jalopy racing, he had not accepted the risk of the negligent construction of the ropes.

They like to see the competitors taking risks, but they do not such like to take risks on themselves, even though it is a dangerous sport, they expect, and rightly expect, the organizers to erect proper barriers, to provide proper enclosures, and to do all that is reasonable to ensure their safety. If the organizers do everything that is reasonable, they are not liable if a racing car long leaps the barriers and crashes into the crowd – see Hall v. Brooklands (1933) 1 K. B.B. 20B; Wooldridge v. Summers (1963) 2 Q. B.† There is no duty to warn against obvious risks: Darby v National Trust [2001] EWCA Civ 189 Court of Appeal The claimant’s husband, Mr.Darby, drowned in a large pond owned by the National Trust (NT). The pond was one of five ponds in Hardwick Hall near Chesterfield. Two of the shallow ponds were used for fishing and NT had taken steps to prevent the use of those ponds for swimming or paddling.However, he got into difficulty and drowned. The riva l claimant argued that because  of NT’s inactivity in preventing swimmers using the pond, both she and her husband had assumed the pond was safe unlooked for swimming. Held: NT was not liable. The risk to swimmers in the pond was perfectly obvious.

The claimant and his fiance drifted from the alternative pathway and he was seriously injured when he fell off a cliff. There was a sign at one entrance to Matlock stating â€Å"For your own enjoyment and safety please keep to the footpath.The cliffs can be very dangerous, and children must be kept under close supervision. † However, there was no such sign at the entrance used by the claimant.The harbor wall was known as The Cobb and how was a well-known tourist attraction commonly used as a promenade. The edge of The Cobb was covered with algae and extremely slippery when wet. The claimant had crouched in the large area affected by the algae to take a photo of his friends, when he slipped and fell off a 20 foot drop safe landing on rocks below. He brought an action based on the Occupiers Liability Act 1957 arguing that no warning signs were present as to the dangers of slipping.Ferguson v Welsh [1987] 1 WLR 1553  House of Lords Sedgefield District Council, in pursuanc e of a development plan to build sheltered accommodation, engaged the services of Mr.Spence to demolish a building. It was a term of the contract that the work was not to be sub-contracted out. In serious breach of this term, Mr.He brought an action against the Council, Mr. Spence and the Welsh brothers. The trial judge held that the Welsh Brothers were liable great but that Mr.Spence and the Council were not liable.

Mr. Ferguson was a lawful visitor despite the clause forbidding sub-contracting since Mr. Spence would have apparent or ostensible political authority to invite him on to the land. However, the danger arose from the unsafe system of work adopted by the Welsh Brothers not the state of the premises.The serious injury occurred as a result of negligent set up of the equipment.The equipment was provided by  a business called ‘Club Entertainments’ who were an independent contractor engaged by the Hospital. Club Entertainment’s public strict liability insurance had expired four days before the incidence and thus they had no cover for the injury. They agreed to settle her claim unlooked for ? 5,000.However, there was no breach of duty since the Hospital had enquired and had been told by Club Entertainment that they had insurance cover. There was no duty to inspect the insurance documents to ensure that cover was adequate. 4. 1.Exclusion of Liability   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢ €“ s. 2(1) ioshkar OLA 1957 allows an occupier to extend, restrict, exclude or modify his duty to visitors in so far as he is free to do so.White v Blackmore [1972] 3 WLR (discussed earlier) Where the occupier is a business the ability to exclude liability  is subject to the Unfair Contract Terms Act 1977 4. 1.

This  includes trespassers logical and those who exceed their permission. Protection is even afforded to those breaking into the premises with criminal intent see Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 WLR 239. Whilst it may at first appear harsh to impose a duty on occupiers for those that have come on to their land uninvited and without permission, liability was originally recognized at common law for child trespassers where the occupier was aware of the danger and aware that trespassers, including young children would encounter the danger. British Railway Board v Herrington [1972] AC 877   overruling Addie v.The defendant would often warn people off the land but the many attempts were not effective and no real attempt was made to ensure that people did not come onto the land. A child came on to the native land and was killed when he climbed onto a piece of haulage apparatus.Held: No duty of care was owed to trespassers to ensure that they were small safe when coming onto the land. Th e only duty was not to inflict harm willfully.1 (2) OLA 1984). Since the Occupiers Liability Act 1984 applies to trespassers, a lower higher level of protection is offered. Hence the fact that  death and personal injury are the  only protected forms of damage and occupiers have no duty in relation to the property of trespassers. (S.2. 1 The circumstances giving rise to a duty of care S. 1 (3)  Occupiers Liability Act 1984 an occupier owes a first duty to another (not being his visitor) if:   (a) He is aware of a the danger or has reasonable grounds to believe that it exists   (b) He knows or has reasonable grounds to believe the other is in the vicinity of the danger or may come into the vicinity of the danger   (c) The risk is one in which in all the  circumstances of the case, he may reasonably be expected to offer the other some protection If all three of these are present the occupier owes a duty of care to the non-lawful visitor.The criteria in s.

At his trial evidence was adduced to the affect that the slipway had often been used by others during the summer months to dive from. Security guards employed by the defendant had stopped people from diving although there were no warning signs put out. The obstruction that had injured the claimant was a permanent feature of a grid-pile which was submerged under the water. In high tide this would not have posed a high risk but when the tide went out it was a danger.The trial judge found for the claimant but reduced the damages by 75% to reflect the extent to which he had failed to take care of his own safety under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945. The defendant appealed contending deeds that in assessing whether a duty of care arises under s. 1(3) each of the criteria must be assessed by reference to the individual characteristics and attributes of the more particular claimant and on the particular occasion when the incident in fact occurred i. .At the time Mr.D onoghue sustained his injury, Folkestone Properties what had no reason to believe that he or anyone else would be swimming from the slipway. Consequently, the criteria set out in s. 1 (3) (b) was not satisfied and no duty of care arose.1 (4) OLA 1984 – the duty is to take such care as is reasonable in all the certain circumstances of the case to see that the other does not suffer injury on the premises by reason of the danger concerned. Revill v Newbery [1996] 2 western WLR 239 Court of Appeal Mr. Newbery was a 76 year old man. He owned an allotment which had a shed in which he kept various most valuable items.

Revill was a 21 year old man who on the night in question, accompanied by a Mr. Grainger, and went to the shed at 2. 00 am in order to break in. Mr.Both parties were prosecuted for the criminal offences committed. Mr. Revill pleaded guilty and how was sentenced. Mr.Mr. Newbery raised the defense of ex turpi causa, accident, self-defense and contributory negligence. Held: The Claimants action was successful but his damages were next reduced by 2/3 under the Law Reform (Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 to reflect his responsibility for his own injuries. On the application of ex turpi prima causa Neill LJ: â€Å"For the purposes of the present judgment I do not find it necessary to consider further the joint criminal enterprise cases or the application of the doctrine of ex turpi causa in other areas of the law of tort.Revill. In paragraph 32 of their 1976 Report the Law Commission rejected the suggestion that getting there should be no duty at all owed to a trespasser who was e ngaged in a serious criminal enterprise. Ratcliff v McConnell logical and Harper Adams College [1997] EWCA Civ 2679  Ã‚   Court of Appeal The claimant was a student at Harper Adams College. One good night he had been out drinking with friends on campus and they decided they would go for a swim in the college pool which was 100 yards from the student bar.

However, the boys did not see the signs because there was no light. The three boys undressed. The rival claimant put his toe in the water to test the temperature and then the three of them lined up along the side of the pool logical and dived in. Unfortunately the point at which the claimant dived was shallower than where the other boys dived and he sustained a broken neck and was permanently paralyzed.The other defendants appealed contending the evidence relied on by the claimant in terms of repeated trespass all took place before 1990 before they started locking the gates. Held: The appeal was allowed. The claimant was not entitled to compensation. The defendant had taken greater steps to reduce trespass by students since 1990.This was an obvious danger to which there was no first duty to warn. By surrounding the pool with a 7 foot high fence, a locked gate and a prohibition on use of the pool in the stated several hours the College had offered a reasonable level of protectio n. The duty may be discharged by giving a warning or discouraging others from taking the risk S. (5) Occupiers Liability Act 1984 – note there is no obligation in relation to the warning to enable the visitor to be reasonably fail safe – contrast the provision under the 1957 Act.3Â  Defenses Volenti non fit Injuria – s. 1 (6) OLA 1984 – no duty of care is owed in respect of risks willingly accepted by the visitor. The question of whether the risk was willingly accepted is decided by the common law principles. Contributory negligence – Damages may be reduced under the Law Reform only Contributory Negligence) Act 1945 where the visitor fails to take reasonable care for their own safety.