Addiction and Cure Compulsive Shopping

â€Å"It is very difficult to recognize that we really like shopping, a â€Å"therapy†that can serve at any given time to forget our everyday problems. But when it becomes a tough act to control it becomes a serious psychological disorder such as pathological gambling. † How and to whom, is usually affected involving the syndrome that creates this huge dependency? Shopaholic syndrome affects men and women. The profile is usually between 30 and 40 years, with low self- ­esteem, lack of control, insecurity, fantasy- ­proneness, feeling of loneliness and spiritual emptiness. They also tend to have other dis- ­ orders such as anxiety and depression. Shopping can bring great pleasure at the moment, but then comes the repentance of pur- ­ chasing useless things, and then depression and anxiety, which leads back to the stores as a way of escape. Thus we begin a vicious circle which is very difficult to go through. Normal buyer vs Compulsive buyer While the normal buyer feels satisfaction of having bought something he wanted and he can control what he spends, the compulsive buyer gets an inordinate pleasure in the moment of shopping, similar to that produced by drugs, in addition to losing control of his actions. Do you know what causes this addiction? Although the underlying cause of addiction to shopping is not known, experts say this type of disorder is a mixture of biological and social causes. The lack of control over impulses caused by brain abnormalities related to the role of serotonin (a neurotransmitter). Social cause? This condition is the main trigger type consumer society in which we live, where shopping be- ­ comes a leisure activity rather than a necessity. Psychologists argue that advertising shows a person whose power is measured by the quantity and quality of goods they have. Before this the people with an underdeveloped personality turning to shopping to satisfy a quota of power that is not naturally given by society . Symbolic reading of the act of buying? Buying a necessity, exchange, assimilation, accumulation and disposal. It is a process that symbolizes something primal as food and breathing. Psychological and Genealogical perspective of oniomani?a The basis of any manic behavior is a lack of compensation. A compulsive act of exchange with the seller, we can talk about a fixation, lack of emotional exchange and general care of the child. The attachment figure moves to the seller that looks and looks compulsively. Emotional cut would occur in the parent- ­child relationship. An excessive accumulation of products that are not needed, we can talk about: â€Å"crazy ideas from the great- ­grandparents, for example:† Book now for the lean years â€Å", â€Å"Who has better things. † † I have more than you. † â€Å"When we where young, if our parents made us relate new clothes with renewal (season, stations †¦ ), when life cries out for renewal, unconsciously we will run to get new clothes. And if we are prevented of a true renewal, we will compulsively repeat this empty ritual of release. â€Å"Fixing a particular product that symbolizes what we ?re lacking. As happens in collection, if wool symbolizes the mother, I would con- ­ tinously buy jerseys, scarves, socks and stockings which will give me the warmth that I missed in childhood. If the encyclopedias symbolizes the intellectual ego and we identify with it, we would accumulate volumes and volumes without opening the plastic that surrounds them.. What impact does oniomani?a have on us? The shopaholics are immersed in an unreal world, then forget the consequences of their actions. They do not mind sacrificing their basic needs let alone those of others. This leads to situations of confrontation with family, debt, financial ruin, anxiety, depression and many more. How can we overcome this addiction? It is very difficult to get out of this addiction specially on your own, as is the case with alcoholism, gambling or drug addiction. But other addictions are easy to spot, very few people attend a consultation to deal with a compulsive shopping problem, since most of the time they consider it a normal behavior or temporary. Admitting the problem is a big step. From here you should see a psychologist to help you cope. There is no specific treatment depends on the degree of addition you have. Can you offer a sound approach to shopping? Enjoy a day of shopping, if your not out of control. But if you have rhythm to become a compulsive shopper, we offer a few tips so you do not end with your family finances. Make a list beforehand and avoid buying some- ­ thing you do not need or repeat products. Set a spending amount, not breaking your budget. Avoid buying in states of depression and or states which you suspect will be harder to control. Do not be misled by advertising. Get to the point and do not look over what to buy, do not end up biting into something unexpected. Forget about the offers that you do not really need. When checking what you bought and found to have acquired only the products that you planned to †¦ congratulations! , You have managed to avoid the danger of compulsive shopping. Your bank account will thank you. The act to treat oniomania A 40 year old woman compulsively buying bags, coats, belts and shoes from expensive brands. They shared the high price and fancy leather. She arrived to fill the closet of her apartment, plus two more cabinets installed in the lounge. Sometimes he'd give away or return some of these products because it was impossible to fit in the space. Analyzing her family tree we could see that her mother was orphaned at birth. His grandmother also had her mother and motherhood are banned. His father, bitter widower and never touched her, for fear of incestuous sexual tension, and died when she was a teenager. When the clothes made contact with the skin it was so precious to her, the more expensive the product were worth more tuned into the symbolism. We suggested that a van filled with all the accumulated products and asked two friends, men and women who accompany her to a field outside the city. She would drive the vehicle to the designated place and the cargo pile up together in a pyramid form. She, lying on the ground would be massaged by these symbolic parents while the mountain of things burned. Then plant tree there. We also suggest that she volunteered at a center for the homeless children, cherish and give all the love you she had missed.

Effects of religion on children positive or negative?

The David Family Case Family Theory: In my reading about the structural model I recalled Munich because like myself his first concern was problem focused within the context of the family structure (Goldenberg 2000). â€Å"‘ have always felt that if a child is having constant escalating behaviors of tantrums after the age of four there has to be a problem within the family structure. And so in hearing from therapist of who would many times in the past visit only with children and not the parents of families.This would really sound an alarm with me but since I lacked the understanding in the mental field I would asked the question of their knowledge in child development and the family as the root of guiding a child's first developmental years. I also remember reading about Munchies work and his vast array of experiences for example; Munich his practiced in pediatrics, his time volunteered in the army as a Doctor during Israel's war in 1948, he was a child psychiatrist in the Uni ted States working with families in poverty and those who had multiple problems, disconnected structures and displaced children from the Holocaust.His heart to volunteer and research these problematic issues revealed to me his passion and heart for the family as a unit. In my personal experience as an Early Childhood Specialist working with families with children of trauma I often found myself being approached by clinicians who were working with young children yet lacked to understand the details of the early developmental domains. I wondered if they understood temperament, parenting styles or the developmental milestones like, social/emotional patterns, independence, problem solving or attachment and bonding.Clinicians would see toddlers displaying very angry levels of behavior not recognizing they were frustrated simply because they were delayed in their speech, disengaged with their parents, or in a reign land that developed psychological stresses. So as I reviewed the David case I first observed that the structural of the family system; that being, mom, dad and children who had been interrupted by time the hierarchy currently being the grandparents, and the parental roles. This was the root in the context of this families transaction patterns that needed to be changed according to Munchies major thesis of the structural model (peg. 94). This theory looks into the relationships, the organization of the family structure having to due with family roles, rules within this system, boundaries' and wholeness. It also emphasizes on the wholeness of the family system, the influence the family hierarchical organization and the interdependent functioning of its subsystem's for the wellbeing if each individual that consist of the whole family system. In this theory enmeshment is common and the family system is functioning at a dysfunctional level for the lack of boundaries, for inhibiting individual autonomy, and for disruptions in the parental subsystem.This theory r eminds me of a sports; for example, baseball in expressing my complete understanding of this theory I will relate it to this sport. In the game of baseball it does consist of organization of each individuals place in order to function successfully as a whole team. The pitcher and the catcher are like the parents in the family. If they lack to understand their roles and that of their team-members then the whole game will be disorganized and interrupted by a loss and results in very angry, frustrated and confused emotions. What to do? What interventions will the coach implement?In my case what will I implement according to my chosen theory? Alignment, Power, and Coalitions: The David family came to therapy due to their enmeshed family. The parents were having problems in their relationships with their seven and eight year old children who were throwing full blown tantrums consistently, some examples of this manifestation where the children hitting their heads on the walls or vomiting also not listening to their parents instructions and expressing anger at their parents by physically kicking them during these escalating behaviors.As Munich puts it,† this alternated the patterns in the Davit's family structure they went without consideration which caused deviation from any established family rules such as; mandarins', a lack hierarchy, the interdependent functioning, and the wholeness of the family system (Goldenberg 2000). † The results became the resistance of the children making a healthy family connection with their parents. This is how my back- round training in child development will aid me as a future clinician.If the child lacks to build a trusting and secure relationships with their parents becoming that secure base in order for the child to become a healthy separated individual then a sense of loss and fear will result therefore displaying itself as in the Davit's hillside's case. As a therapist I would first look into the family strengths, i n this case the David family taking the step to seek out therapy without it being forced upon them due to an outside report such as D. S. S. I would praise them for taking the first step then observe the spousal, parental and siblings subsystems in this family.In observing this at the first session I could recognize that as the mother expressed her emotions the children and father displayed empathy as they all tried to comfort the mother. The father stepped in and gave instructions to the children who followed wrought it revealed that they did have some understanding for father's hierarchy in this role. This was a psychosomatic family that was enmeshed yet their quick response to comfort the mother here also revealed that they were not disengaged. That showed me that they would be willing to negotiate differences.Within this family it was clear that alignments were off and needed to be put back together by joining its forces by positive activities that engaged in quality time spent. It was the long parental working hours in the Davit's family that disrupted the emotional and psychological connections that members should make with one another. This was the power that was displaced here and instead because of the work demand was given over to the grandparents which caused stressed in the children producing escalating behaviors towards parents.In my understanding the grandparents where the third party alliances between the parent and children which Munich refers to as the coalitions. The grandparents became the dominant part of this family that detoured the power from the parents as the children cried out for their grandparents rather than parents during a place that seemed foreign to them. This resulted in conflicts that placed added stressed on the family systems. Intervention: The David family needs to be realigned, new boundaries' must be set in place and reframing must be worked into this family system.I will use the vignette as an example therapy session an d how I would guide it using Munchies structural therapy. Children are anxious and wondering the office asking to go home crying for their grandparents, they seek each other for comfort rather than parents, parents become embarrassed. Children engage with therapist asking to play with toys, mother becomes emotional children and husband respond. I would greet all by name shaking each individual's hands and then ask mom and dad what they would eke to play with their children today.Knowing that the children are engaging with me as their therapist and interested in my toys this would be used as my intervention tools in order to have the family enact a typical family conflict. Upon children calling out crying for their grandparents I would first validate their state of disconnectedness from grandparents yet redirect them by saying, † look today mommy and daddy wants your time to play with them and they want to play with some of my toys. Children cry say no and began hugging each ot her rather than parents I would then start to realign the family roles by guiding children towards arenas for comfort rather than depending on each other when parents are available. I would do this by having kneel at children's level asking them for permission to comfort them. As mother becomes anxious and emotional and father instructs children to leave mommy alone upon them trying to comfort her, I would intervene by saying to children, â€Å"k well mommy and daddy need some time while you both decide on a game to play with them but then Daddy would love for you both to help comfort your mommy. This will model time and respect given to the hierarchy of the family that being mom and dad yet allow children time for individual mime for choice and space. This would also allow parents to see the importance of setting proper structure, roles, and respectful boundaries' in place. My hope would be to have the family engage in its normal family conflicts. I would do this by either playing a game relating to the last conflict such as the children not wanting to go to bed or take a bath.My session would go something like this. â€Å"Children play a game of wants, dodos and don't, I would ask each individual to tell me what you want to today, what you will do today and what you don't you want to do today? This would e done for each family member (with specific instructions in the beginning that whatever don't want to be done everyone must laugh at the end for them, then try doing those don't by adding something fun. In this case you don't want to take a bath but how can you make it fun? The past tantrums could be realigned by making boundaries' fun thereby inventing new boundaries' and replacing them with parental time with children that will help airframe the family structure. The past rules in the David family consisted of the grandparents filling in the place of parents, the parents jack to consider the importance of time spent with their children gave up their par ental power as that secure base and trusting relationship with their children.My hope is that the engagements of family time spent together would build each individuals self-esteem and confidence as time and energy is being reciprocated here. References Goldenberg, 1. , Goldenberg, H. (2000). Family Therapy An Overview. ; . United States. Headwords, a division of Thomas Learning. Figure Captions Figure 1 . Caption of figure [Figures – note that this page does not have the manuscript header and page number]

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics Essay

Eonomic Signals and Cost-Benefit Analysis in Macroeconomics - Essay Example These economic indicators and signals are beneficial for different business analysts and experts. The business analysts can use these economic signals in order to take important business decisions and in turn can come up with effective and timely short term and long term strategies. Along with this, these economic indicators and figures facilitate business analysts to decide whether it is feasible to invest in a new venture, launch a new product, or enter into new markets (The Economist, 2) DIRECT AND INDIRECT SIGNALS: These economic signals can be either direct or indirect signals. Direct signals are the one which are directly interpreted from the economic data and reflects the future situation of the subject under consideration. On the other hand the indirect signals are one which have indirect impact on the economy and situation. For example, economic report about the decrease in the consumer spending directly signals the decrease in the level of GDP, which in turn indicates the p ossibility of recession. At the same time the decrease in the consumer spending indirectly signals the decrease in the investment activity, as the investors will expect that in future there will be a short term decrease in the interest rate by the central bank in order to stop the possible recession. DIRECT AND INDIRECT MACROECONOMIC SIGNALS CONTAINED IN A THREE MONTH OF RETAIL SALES DATA: Retail sales is one of the most important economic indicator which is followed by the investors and the economic analysts in order to predict the future condition of the market and economy. Retail sales depicts the household expenditure on the different physical products by the consumers. The retail sales data of three month will directly determine the future state of inflation in the economy. For instance, if there is an increase in the retail sales then it directly indicates that there is an increase in the consumer spending which will lead to the increase in demand. This increase in demand will result in increasing the prices and ultimately will increase the inflation in the economy. At the same time, the increasing demand and prices will put pressure on the supply of the physical goods and there will be more investment activity, which will signal high value of GDP and improved condition of the economy. On the other hand if there is a decrease in the retail sales, it can be interpreted that there is a decrease in the consumer spending. This in turn will result in decrease in demand and prices of the physical goods. The decreasing demand and prices will also force the supply of the physical goods to decrease which in turn will influence the overall state of the economy and will signal a recession in the economy, as there will be less investment activities on part of the investors. COST – BENEFIT ANALYSIS IN MACROECONOMIC OFFERED BY HENRY HAZLITT: It is important to first analyze the costs and benefits of any decision and policy in order to make sure that the require d aims and objectives can be achieved effectively and efficiently. In economics, costs are the most important component of any analysis and decision. The decisions taken by the economists and analysts are directly dependent on the balance between the requirements and the limited resources. This in turn makes it important to analyze and understand the opportunity cost of any particular decision. Cost

Special Interest Tourism in Barbados Case Study

Special Interest Tourism in Barbados - Case Study Example At that time, cruise passenger arrivals were about 510,000 with 528 cruise ship calls in 2006. Part of the motivation for this strategy related to the clear indications that Caribbean nations were competing aggressively for cruise ship calls and that the traditionally strong position of Barbados (with its port facilities and long history of tourism activity) would lose market share. As its statistics indicate, there has been an almost 15% decline since 2006. Part of this is the increased competition Barbados expected. In addition, repositioning of cruise ship routes and itineraries has also contributed to the decline. The industry is always looking for new destinations to appeal to its markets (particularly repeat cruisers) and Barbados has the added disadvantage of being one of the oldest cruise destinations in the Caribbean. Of particular interest is the approach Barbados took in developing its cruise strategy. While cruise passenger arrivals declined in 2006, some believe that the partnership approach Barbados took in developing the cruise strategy helped to avoid an even greater decline. The key theme in the Barbados cruise strategy approach was a consultative and partnership oriented relationship with the cruise industry. ... Barbados went into the strategy with a conviction that the cruise industry was good for the country and that management and shaping of its benefits to complement Barbados' expectations for tourism sector benefits was the objective. With the cooperation of the cruise industry, Barbados undertook the following consultations as part of its cruise strategy development: - Interviews with cruise line executives, those responsible for itinerary development, cruise ship directors and tourism industry representatives in Barbados; - Surveys of cruise ship passengers and crew. Some of the key findings shaping the resulting cruise tourism strategy are described below. The following are excerpts from the 2006 Cruise Tourism Report prepared by ARA Consulting Group for the Barbados Tourism Development Programme and report on surveys conducted in 2006. From the point of view of cruise line executives, Barbados gets generally high markets. It enjoys very good market recognition, is well known, gets good reviews from passengers, provides good ground tours, and is above average in terms of safety. It has a good image, a high profile, and is considered a good traditional destination. It has potential for attracting up-market cruise passengers for high quality shore excursions like nature tourism, heritage tourism, golf, and similar activities. The cruise lines believed that services provided by the Barbados Port Authority are more than adequate and that the current cost structure is acceptable, although there is concern about cost increases. In general, they have little concern with congestion problems except for the typical mid-week situation when more than one or two large ships arrive. They were

Rhetorical analysis of Mary Ewalds letter to President Saddam Hussein Essay

Rhetorical analysis of Mary Ewalds letter to President Saddam Hussein - Essay Example Mary’s approached Saddam in her letter as a mother, scholar and poet who is a friend to the Arabs. If one will notice, there were no blaming or questioning made why Saddam Hussein invaded Kuwait or any venting of any anger why Thomas was abducted. But rather made the appeal on an emotional level to avoid antagonizing Saddam that would hinder the release of Thomas Ewald. The approach as a mother and a friend of the Arabs makes a good case to pursue an emotional appeal or pathos to convince the Iraqi President to release Thomas Ewald. And to make her persuasion more effective, Mary first established her credential or ethos as somebody who is well verse and a friend to the Arab by mentioning that her â€Å"family has been a staunch friend to the Arabs. [Her] husband, Tom's father, was on the White House Staff when President Eisenhower caused the French, British, and Israelis to pull out of Suez. President of the Radcliffe (Harvard) Club of Washington, arranged to explain Muslim culture. [She was] also a poet who has written about Arabia†. This use of ethos was written with an understanding of Arab culture, particularly of Arab generosity to recognize the power of Saddam over his son and to exercise that power to right the wrong. This portion of the letter was also short of saying that Saddam’s army abducted a friend of the Arabs and therefore should be released. After establishing ethos or credibility with Saddam as a friend of the Arabs who knows their generosity, she then proceeded with her emotional appeal whose use became more effective. The pathos or emotional appeal littered the letter and was very obvious in the mention that Thomas Ewald is a well-loved son who worked in Arab country to bring peace within the two cultures. She also invoked mercy that her son Thomas is asthmatic, so severely crippled as a child that they thought they could never raise him. Using this approach, it would be very difficult to refuse her because everybody regardless of their cultural background or station in life everyone received love and care from their mother and refusing her is like refusing one’s mother which is very difficult to do. This letter was just heart wrenching for its audience to read which in this case was the former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein because she introduced herself as a friend and that her son, supposed to be friend too among Arabs who value family relations so much, was wrongly abducted during the invasion. She then begged for his generosity and in the name of Allah to release her son. It would be very hard to refuse a mother who does not coerce what he has done nor asked for anything except for the release of her son especially when she recognize and beseeched in the name of Allah. She was also appealing based on the universal sense of humanity as a mother to a father when she stressed that she is

Sixth Sense Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Sixth Sense - Essay Example Humans have been fantasizing about the touch screens being displayed on walls and touching them to talk to a friend with his picture or video. This fantasy is soon going to become real after the development of sixth sense technology. Sixth sense is a device which you can wear and it is highly portable. Physical world, around us, is enhanced by the digital world with the help of this technology. Sixth sense technology is a perfect combination of the digital and physical world. It can help you to find out the data about any physical object which is present in the digital world. If you have to find out some information about anything in a shopping mall e.g. you are purchasing a toilet paper and you want to know that which toilet paper company is more responsible toward an environment, sixth sense technology will help you to find out everything. A green, orange or red circle will appear on the object to tell you that whether you should buy this or not. You can also see videos of certain happenings if you are reading a newspaper. You can checkout a person’s information in just one look. All the information present on the internet about any person will be displayed and this includes his/her interests, education and other history. It is a real integration of digital and physical world. Sixth sense technology is a blend of many other existing technologies and they all integrate to perform a lot of functions. In the device of sixth sense technology, there is image capturing, gesture recognition, processing and manipulation. You can capture an image by single, natural hand gesture and this image will be stored in your device. This image can be displayed on any flat surface and then you can edit these images and even resize them. This function involves image capturing, gesture recognition and processing. When you meet some person or look at anything in a market, information about those things will be displayed in front of you

Access to Higher Education Article Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Access to Higher Education - Article Example In other words, the report underscores the important role played by the private sector in attainment of the Australian’s government to improve access to higher education. The government has set targets to drastically increase the number individuals with at least bachelor level credentials. For example, the government aims to increase the number of adults with a university degree to 40 percent by the year 2025. This calls for an increase from 32 percent in 2009 to 40 percent in 2015 (Access Economics, 2010:6). Under previous targets, the attainment rate was expected to be 34 percent. The report points out that skilled migration is expected to give rise to over 240, 000 graduates and this mounts pressure on the government to train more graduates (Access Economics). The Australian government invests heavily in bachelor education. For instance, the government spent $ 8 407 095 000 towards bachelor level education in 2009 (Access Economics, 2010:7). However, this funding is directed towards public universities. Private universities on the other hand do not receive constant funding from the government and largely rely on fee revenue (Access Economics, 2010: 3).... e it plays to help the government achieve the set targets with regards to increase the number of individuals with higher education qualifications to match the labour market requirements. Birrell, B. & Edwards, D. (2009) The Bradley review and access to higher education in Australia, viewed 28 Jul 2013 from . The Bradley Review has recommended expansion of domestic level training universities in a move to increase competence in the job market. This report is an important milestone in the higher education arena. It recommends for a considerable increase in the number of adult students pursuing higher education from 29 percent to 40 percent by the year 2020 (Birrell and Edwards, 2009:7). It can be noted that domestic higher education was overlooked at the end of the 20th century had negative effects on the young generation. The recent times have presented numerous job opportunities requiring minimum university qualifications. Conversely, the growth of domestic undergraduate course compl etion has been minimal. The review asserts that demand for Vocational Education Training (VET) has decreased considerably owing to the changing trend in the economy where employers tend to favour those with higher education qualifications. In order for the government to achieve the 40 percent target enrolment rate in 2020, participate rate and demographic factors must be taken into account (Birrell and Edwards, 2009:4). If there is an increase in population, there will be a corresponding increase in the university enrolment rate. The participation rate is dependent on the number of young people who are attending universities. Recent censuses have revealed that the rate of young people attending college was

Subsidiarity in the EU and Federalism Thesis Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Subsidiarity in the EU and Federalism - Thesis Example tem of governance with substate/s autonomously operating in a decentralized manner and yet still connected to central government in a collaborative governance. From the historical vantage, the principle of subsidiarity was first introduced by the Treaty of Maastricht, also known as Treaty of European Union (TEU) signed at Maastricht town in 1991, with its elaborate applications explicated through the protocol stipulated in the Treaty of Amsterdam (Eurofound, 2010a). This was perceived to be the turning point of EU integration (Eurofound, 2010a). This paper aims to discuss the theory of subsidiarity of Britain within the light of Germany and United States experiences. The TEU offered a commitment from the European Council (EC) to full Economic and Monetary Union (EMU), provision for European Central Bank, and the establishment of the ‘three-pillar’ structures. These pillars are the European Council, Common Foreign and Security Policy, and Cooperation in Justice and Home Affairs (Eurofound, 2010a). Under EMU, the definition of community was broadened to include the convergence of economic laws, social protection, and of the development of socio-economic cohesion (Eurofound, 2010a). The council have also set monetary policy, coordination with convergence criteria and a single currency (Eurofound, 2010a). Anent thereto was the establishment of institutional reform increased the legislative power of the parliament with the introduction of co-decision processes (Eurofound, 2010a). The Treaty of Amsterdam, on the other hand, was signed on 2 October 1997 by the Foreign Ministers of 15 EU member states and became effective when they ratified this in accordance to their constitutional policies (Eurofound, 2010b). The Treaty of Amsterdam of 1997 substantially amended the three pillar structure of Treaty on European Union to include relevant matters on employment and industrial relations; the acquis  of the 1985 Schengen Treaty pertaining to gradual abolition of common

A Role Of A Citizen Of Earth Essay Example for Free

A Role Of A Citizen Of Earth Essay â€Å"Let peace there be peace on earth and let it began with me†. Once there was an old man by he saw a lady picking up starfish and gently throwing it into the sea he asked â€Å"young lady why are you throwing starfish into sea?† she answered â€Å"the sun is up if I don’t throw them they will die† he asked† but lady don’t you realize that there are many miles of beach and thousands of star fish you cannot probably make a difference† The young lady bent down and threw another fish in sea then se politely said â€Å"It made a difference for that one†. Actually what is citizen? A citizen is one whose behavior is consistent with the canons of self-respect and social justice. So in today’s world does our behavior prove as the definition of citizen? No no-one can prove because a good citizen has genuine and love for his home land. Earth is our homeland but we are not genuine to it. There are many human activities which has harmed our mother earth. First human activity that damages the earth is deforestation. It destroys huge area environment and our planet.

Economic Impacts of Minimum Wage Increase Essay Example for Free

Economic Impacts of Minimum Wage Increase Essay The Fair Minimum Wage Act of 2007 increased the minimum wage of $5. 15 per hour to $7. 15 per hour. It is believed that an increase in the minimum wage will not create negative implications on jobs, employment and inflation. Rather, wage increase legislated in the past three decades have made the most positive impacts in the economy, as the economy experienced the strongest growth during these times, and at the same time has generated more jobs. In contrast, when the minimum wage was held at a stagnant rate, fewer jobs have been created (Democrats Discuss†¦). Moreover, wages held at the minimum level translates to lower productivity level. In addition, states that are based on the minimum wage rates suffer from the high occurrence of unemployment. This is true in the case of Virginia, Wyoming and Hawaii; wherein the wages were kept in the minimum level which resulted to high percentage of unemployment. In addition to this, the increase in the unemployment rate is translated to changes in the GDP. According to economist Arthur Khon, every 1% increase in unemployment rate, the GDP falls by 2.5-3%. Therefore, if the wage rate is always kept at a minimum level, the tendency that unemployment rate will rise also increases, thus it creates a negative effect towards the country’s GDP (Mackenzie). Therefore, an increase in the minimum wage rate will have direct effects in the economy. First, it will translate in the increase of productivity level of the workers, it will also improve the buying power of the consumers and it will lessen the unemployment rate – all of which will have a positive rise in the GDP of the country.

The Working Principle of Milling Machines

The Working Principle of Milling Machines In previous chapter, the literature review piece and objective of present work has been discussed. This chapter introduces the speculative background of response surface methodology, introduction of milling machine, cutting principal, milling cutter taxonomy, machining parameters, chip thickness formation and milling machine parameters which influence the surface roughness 2.1 BACKGROUND As an central subject in the statistical design of experiments, the Response Surface Methodology (RSM) is a collection of mathematical and statistical techniques useful for the modeling and analysis of harms in which a response of interest is influenced by several variables and the objective is to optimize this response RSM also quantifies dealings among one or more measured responses and the vital input factors. The DOE++ software was used to develop the untried plan for RSM. The same software has also used to analyze the data collected. After analyzing each response, multiple response optimization technique have performed, either by inspection of the interpretation plots, or with the graphical and arithmetic tools provided for this purpose. It has mentioned previously that RSM designs also help in quantifying the dealings between one or more measured responses and the vital input factors. In order to determine if there stay alive a relationship between the factors and the response variables investigated, the data together must be analyzed in a statistically sound manner using regression. A regression is performed in order to describe the data unruffled whereby an observed, empirical variable (response) is approximated based on a functional bond between the estimated variable, yest and one or further regress or or input variable x1, x2,†¦, xi. The least square technique is being new to fit a model equation containing the said regressors or input variables by minimizing the residual error measured by the sum of s quare deviations between the actual and the probable responses. This involves the calculation of estimates for the regression coefficients, i.e., the coefficients of the representation variables including the intercept or constant term. The calculated coefficients or the model equation need to however be tested for statistical implication. 2.2 MILLING MACHINE 2.2.1 Introduction Milling machines was first invented and developed by Eli Whitney to mass construct interchangeable musket parts. Although makeshift, these machines assisted man in maintain exactness and uniformity while duplicating parts that can not be manufactured with the use of a file. Development and improvement of the milling machine and components continuous, which resulted in the manufacturing of heavier arbors and high speed steel and carbide cutters. These components allowed the operator to remove metal more rapidly, and with more accuracy, than prior machines. Variations of milling machines were also developed to perform special milling operations. During this era, computerized machines has been developed to alleviate error and provide better. Milling are perhaps the most versatile machining operation and most of the shapes can be generated by this action. Unlike turning, shaping and drilling tools, the milling tool possesses a large number of cutting edges. Milling is the process of machining flat, curved, or asymmetrical surfaces by feeding the work piece against a rotating cutter containing a integer of cutting edges. The milling machine consists basically of a motor driven spindle, was mounts and revolves the milling cutter, and a reciprocate regulating worktable, which mounts and feeds the work piece. Milling machines are basically classified as vertical or horizontal. These machines is also classified as knee-type, ram-type, manufacturing or bed type, and planer-type. Most milling machines has self-contained exciting drive motors, coolant systems, variable spindle speeds, and power operated table feeds. Milling machines play an significant role in most machine shops, machining metals to various shapes and sizes by means of a revolving cutting tool or tools having a number of cutting edges called teeth. Such tools has known as milling cutters or mills. In order to machine numerous configurations in a milling machine, man have developed various types of milling cutters to fit the necessary requirements. Most milling cutters has made of high speed steel; some employ the utilize of carbide teeth and inserts.[20] The working principle, employed in the metal removing operation on a milling machine, is that the work has rigidly clamped on the board of the machine, or held between centers, and revolving multi-teeth cutter mounted moreover on a spindle or an arbor. The cutter revolves at a fairly high speed and the work fed leisurely past the cutter as shown in figure. The work can be fed in a vertical, longitudinal or cross direction. As the work advances, the cutter-teeth do away with the metal from the work surface to produce the desired shape. [21] Figure2.1: Working Principle of milling operation [21] 2.2.2 Milling Cutter Nomenclature Figure 2.2 shows two views of a common milling cutter with its parts and angles acknowledged. These parts and angles are common to all types of cutters in some form. The pitch refers to the angular distance between like parts on the adjoining teeth. The pitch is unwavering by the number of teeth. The tooth face is the forward facing surface of the tooth which forms the cutting edge. The cutting edge can the angle on each tooth which performs the cutting. The land is the fine surface behind the cutting edge of each tooth. The rake angle is the viewpoint formed between the face of the tooth and the centerline of the cutter. The rake angle defines the cutting edge and provides a path for chips that have cut from the work piece. The primary clearance angle is the viewpoint of the land of each tooth, measured from a line tangent to the centerline of the cutter at the cutting edge. This angle prevents every one tooth from rubbing against the work piece after it makes its cut. The secondary go-ahead angle defines the land of each tooth and provides supplementary clearance for the passage of cutting oil and the chips. Figure 2.2: The two views of a common milling cutter with its parts and angles identified. [21] The hole diameter determines the size of arbor that is essential to mount the milling cutter. A keyway was present on all arbor-swelling cutters for locking the cutter to the arbor. Plain milling cutters that has more than 3/4 inch in width can usually made with spiral or helical teeth. A plain spiral-tooth milling cutter produces a better and smoother draw to a close, and requires less power to operate. A plain helix-tooth milling harvester is especially desirable where an jagged surface or one with holes in it have to be milled. The teeth of milling cutters are either right-hand or left-hand, viewed from the back of the machine. Right-hand milling cutters cut when rotate clockwise; left-hand milling cutters cut when rotated counterclockwise. Saw Teeth: Saw teeth are whichever straight or helical in the smaller size of plain milling cutters, metal slitting saw milling cutters, and closing stages milling cutters. The cutting edge is usually given about 5 ° primary clearance angle. Sometimes the teeth have provided with offset nicks which shatter up the chips and make coarser feeds promising. Formed Teeth: Formed teeth can usually specially made for machining unbalanced surfaces or profiles. The possible varieties of formed-tooth milling cutters are more or less unlimited. Convex, concave, and corner-rounding milling nail clippers are of this type. Inserted Teeth: Inserted teeth had blade of high-speed steel inserted and rigidly held in a blank of machine steel or cast iron. unlike manufacturers bring into play different methods of holding the blades in place. Inserted teeth are more cost-effective and convenient for large-size cutters because of their reasonable initial cost and because worn or broken blades has be replaced more easily and at less price tag 2.2.2.1 Recommended Angles for Milling Cutter The angle between the face and the land of the cutter tooth is called lip angle (ÃŽ ²).Its value depends upon the values of rake and relief angles. A larger lip angle ensures a brawny tooth. As such, the endeavor should be to keep it as large as practicable. This is particularly chief while milling harder metals and when deeper cuts to be employed. Cutters having helical teeth are made to contains a helix angle between 10- (degree) and 50- (degree) the recommended values of principal angles are given in the table [19] Table 2.1: Recommended Angles for Milling Cutter [21] Material Recommend values in degree Rake angle(degree) Relief angles(degrees) H.S.S Tools Stellite Tools Cemented carbides Cast iron(Soft) 10-15 6-8 3-6 4-7 Cast iron(Hard) 10 3-6 0-3 4-7 Mild steel 10-15 3-6 0-(-5) 3-5 Aluminum alloys 20-30 10-15 10-20 10-15 Brasses and Bronzes 10-12 5 2-3 10-15 Mg.alloys 20-30 15-20 15-20 10-12 2.2.3 Machining Parameters 2.2.3.1 Selection of Speed The approximate standards given in may be used as a guide for electing the proper cutting speed. If the operator finds that the machine, the milling cutter, or the work piece cannot be handle suitably at these speeds, instantaneous readjustments shouldcan be made. If carbon steel cutters have used; the speed should be about one-partially the recommended speed in the table. If carbide-tipped cutters are used, the speed could be doubled. If a bountiful supply of cutting oil is theoretical to the milling cutter and the work piece, speeds can be increased 50 to 100 percent. For roughing cuts, a moderate speed and coarse feed often give best results; for last cuts, the best practice is to reverse these conditions, by means of a higher speed and lighter feed. The formula for manipulative spindle speed in revolutions per minute is as follows: Where, Spindle speed (in revolutions per minute). Cutting speed of milling cutter. Diameter of milling cutter (in inches) 2.2.3.2 Selection of Feed The rate of feed, or the speed at which the work piece pass the cutter, determines the time obligatory for cutting a job. In selecting the feed, there are several factors which should be well thought-out are as follows: Forces are exerted against the work piece, the cutter, and their property devices during the cutting process. The force exerted varies directly with the amount of metal unconcerned and can be regulated by the feed and the depth of cut. Therefore, the wrong amount of feed and depth of cut have interrelated, and in turn are dependent upon the rigidity and power of the machine. The feed and depth of cut also depend upon the type of milling cutter being used. For example, deep cuts or foul-mouthed feeds should not be attempted when using a small diameter end milling cutter, as such an attempt would spring or break the cutter. Coarse cutters with muscular cutting teeth can be fed at a faster rate because the chips may be washed out more without problems by the cutting oil. The feed of the milling machine may be selected in inches per minute or millimeters per minute the milling feed has determined by multiplying the chip size (chip per tooth) desired, the integer of teeth on the cutter, and the revolutions per minute of the cutter. Example: the formula used to hit upon the work feed in inches per minute Where Feed rate in inches per minute Chip pert tooth Number of teeth per minute of the milling cutter Figure 2.3 shows the path of feed during the cutting operation. It is usually regarded as standard practice to feed the work piece against the milling cutter. When the piece is fed aligned with the milling cutter, the teeth cut under any weighing machine on the work piece surface and any backlash in the feed screw is taken up by the weakness of cut. As an exception to this recommendation, it is advisable to feed with the milling cutter, when cutting off accumulation, or when milling comparatively deep or long slots. The direction of cutter rotation had related to the behavior in which the work piece is held. The cutter should rotate so that the piece springs away from the cutter; then there will be no predisposition for the force of the cut to loosen the work piece. No milling cutter should be rotated toward the rear as this will break the teeth. Never revolutionize feeds while the cutter is rotating. Figure2.3 Direction of Feed during machining operation [21] 2.2.4 Chip Formation in Milling Operation The scheme of chip formation during plain milling using a straight cutter is explained in figure 2.4. The cutter has a diameter and the depth of cut provided by. When milling is done straight-edge cutter, the operation is orthogonal and the kinematics of chip formation is shown in figure 2.4. Since all the cutting edges take part in machining, a study of the process is facilitated by considering the action of only a single tooth. If is the feed velocity of the table in mm/min, the effective feed per tooth in mm will be, where is the cutter rpm and is the number of teeth in cutter. The material removal rate per unit width of the job is given by. It is clearly seen from figure that the thickness of the uncut material in front of cutting edge increases gradually, reaching a maximum near the surface and again drops to zero quickly. If the feed velocity is small as compared with the circumferential velocity of the cutter, then Figure 2.4: Details of chip formation [22] Where is the angle included by the contact arc at the cutter center O in radians. Now, considering the triangle OAT, we have Hence, Neglecting the higher order terms in as it is normally very small. Using this value of in the expression of the maximum uncut thickness, we get It is obvious that when cutting with a straight cutter, there is no component of the cutting force along the straight cutter axis. The average uncut thickness can be taken as half of the maximum value. Thus, From the above equation show that when the depth of cut increases, the chip thickness increases so that increases the cutting resistance and the amplitude of vibrations. As a result, cutting temperature also rises. Therefore, it is expected that surface quality will deteriorate. When the feed rate increases, the chip thickness increases so that increases in cutting force and vibration. 2.3 SURFACE ROUGHNESS PARAMETERS Surface roughness is an chief factor when dealing with issues such as friction, lubrication, and wear. It also have a major impact on application involving thermal or electrical confrontation, fluid dynamics, noise and vibration control, dimensional tolerance, and abrasive processes, among others. The resultant roughness fashioned by a machining process can be thought of as the amalgamation of two independent quantities Ideal roughness: Ideal surface roughness was a function of feed and geometry of the tool. It represents the best promising finish which can be obtained for a given tool shape and feed. It can be achieved only if the built-up-edge, chatter and inaccuracies in the machine tool activities are eliminated completely. For a sharp tool without nose radius, the maximum height of disproportion is given by Rmax = f/(cot φ + cot ÃŽ ²) Here f is feed rate, φ is major cutting edge angle and ÃŽ ² is the inconsequential cutting edge angle. The surface roughness assessment is given by Ra = Rmax/4 Idealized model of surface roughness have been without a doubt shown in Figure 2. 5. Practical cutting tools was usually provided with a rounded corner, and figure shows the surface produced by such a tool under ideal conditions. It can be shown that the roughness assessment is personally related to the feed and corner radius by the following expression: Ra=0.0321 f 2/r Where, r is the corner radius. Figure 2.5: Idealized Model of Surface Roughness [20] Natural roughness: In practice, it is not usually possible to achieve environment such as those described above, and normally the natural surface roughness forms a outsized proportion of the actual roughness. One of the main factors causative to natural roughness is the occurrence of a built-up edge and vibration of the machine tool. Thus, superior the built up edge, the rougher would be the surface produced, and factors tending to reduce chip-tool friction and to eradicate or reduce the built-up edge would give improved surface finish. The Principal fundamentals of surfaces are as follows: Surface: The surface of an object is the boundary which separate that object from another substance. Its shape and extent has usually defined by a drawing or descriptive specifications. Profile: It is the form of any specified section through a surface. Roughness: It was defined as closely spaced, irregular deviations on a scale smaller than that of waviness. Roughness may be superimposed on waviness. Roughness is uttered in terms of its height, its width, and its distance on the surface along which it is precise Waviness: It is a recurrent deviation from a flat surface, much like impression on the surface of water. It is measured and described in terms of the freedom between adjacent crests of the waves (waviness width) and height between the crests and valleys of the impression (waviness height). Waviness can be caused by Deflections are tools, dies, or the work piece, Forces or temperature sufficient to cause warp, Un flush lubrication, Vibration Any intermittent mechanical or thermal variations in the system during Manufacturing operations. Flaws: Flaws, or defects, are random irregularities, such as scratches, crack, holes, depressions, seams, moan, or inclusions as shown in Figure 2.5 Lay: Lay or directionality is the direction of the predominant surface pattern and was usually noticeable to the naked eye. Lay direction have been shown in Figure 2.5 Figure 2.6 Surface Characteristics [20] 2. 3.1 Factors Affecting the Surface Finish Whenever two machined surfaces come in make contact with with one another the quality of the mating parts the stage an important role in the performance and wear of the mating parts. The height, shape, arrangement and track of these surface irregularity on the work piece depend upon a number of factors such as: The machining variables which affect the surface roughness has spiteful speed, feed and depth of cut. The factors of tool geometry which affect to achieve surface draw to a close are nose radius, rake angle, side cutting edge position, cutting edge Work piece and tool material combination and their mechanical property Quality and type of the machine tool new Auxiliary tooling, and lubricant second-hand Vibrations connecting the work piece, machine tool and cutting tool. 2.3.2 Factors Influencing Surface Roughness in Milling Machine The various factors which influence surface roughness of work piece in the milling machine are: Depth of cut: escalating the depth of cut increases the cutting resistance and the amplitude of vibrations. As a result, cutting temperature also rises. Therefore, it has expected that surface eminence will deteriorate. Feed: Experiments show that as feed rate increase surface roughness also increases due to the increase have cutting force and vibration. Cutting speed: It is found that an increase of cutting speed generally improves surface eminence. Engagement of the cutting tool: This factor acts in the same way as the distance downward of cut. Cutting tool wears: The irregularities of the cutting edge due to wear are reproduce on the machined surface. Apart from that, as tool wear increases, other dynamic phenomena such as unwarranted vibrations will occur, thus further deteriorating surface quality. 2.4 CONCLUDING REMARKS In this chapter, the working principal of milling machine is presented. The categorization of milling cutter with its parts and angles are presented. Machining parameters which affect the surface roughness, chip thickness formation and factors influence surface roughness in milling machine are also presented in this chapter.

Cerebellar Lesions and the Neurologist :: Brain Neurology Cerebellum Essays

Cerebellar Lesions and the Neurologist What is a Neurologist? A neurologist is a medical doctor trained in the diagnosis and treatment of nervous system disorders including diseases of the brain, spinal cord, nerves and muscles (www.neurologychannel.com). Common nervous system diseases treated by neurologists include multiple sclerosis, Alzheimer’s disease, headaches, stroke or injury to the nervous system. The types of diagnostic tests employed by neurologists to detect neurological problems include: †¢ the CAT (computed axial tomography) scan; †¢ the MRI/MRA (magnetic resonance imaging/magnetic response angiography); †¢ lumbar puncture (or spinal tap); †¢ EEG (electroencephalography); †¢ and the EMG/NCV (electromyography/nerve conduction velocity). (www. Neurologychannel.com) A neurologist can also prescribe medications to treat diseases or may refer a person to a neurological surgeon if surgical treatment is needed. (www.my.webmd.com) Most of their patients are referred to them by other doctors who suspect their patients problem/s are neurologically related. Unsure as to exactly what neurological problem their patients are afflicted with, neurologists act as a kind of medical detective and work to figure out what the neurological problem is, what brain structure is implicated in the problem, where in that brain structure the problem is based, the severity of the problem, its future implications, and how the problem can be treated (Phone interview conducted with Licensed Nurse Practitioner and Neurological Specialist Douglas Lucas 4/05). This ‘detective work’ is done through a careful screening process. A neurological examination includes a series of questions and tests that provide crucial information about the nervous system. For the most part, it is an inexpensive, non-invasive way to determine what might be wrong. The neurological examination is divided into several components, each focusing on a different part of the nervous system. These components include testing patients mental status, cranial nerves, motor system, sensory system, the deep tendon reflexes, coordination and the cerebellum, and gait. (www.neurologychannel.com) Testing for coordination and cerebellum, for example, is designed to provide clues conditions that affect the cerebellum. For example, â€Å"the neurologist may ask patients to move their finger from their nose to the neurologist’s finger, going back and forth from nose to finger, touching the tip of each. Patients also may be asked to tap their fingers together quickly in a coordinated fashion or move their hands one on top of the other, back and forth, as smoothly as they can. Coordination in

College Drop-Out Makes it Big with Online eBusiness :: Sell Websites Buy Websites

College Drop-Out Makes it Big with Online eBusiness Reprinted with permission of VotanWeb.com In May, Sam Lave dropped out of college and stumbled upon an untapped market on the internet. Nothing has been the same since. Sam wanted to start an hobby related company due to the interest he developed pursuing a hobby in college. A loyal online buyer and occasional seller, he searched the internet for the hobby equipment he would need. Nobody was selling it. In a single moment an idea came to him that would change his life forever. Mr. Lave purchased the hobby equipment he needed directly from the manufacturer. Once it arrived at his home, he listed it for auction. Ten days later the equipment sold to the highest of twenty-three bidders, earning Mr. Lave a large profit. He began doing this over and over, and eventually earned enough money to make selling on the internet a full-time job. In his first three months, Mr. Lave sold $215,000 in merchandise. Mr. Lave had designed Web sites for cash during college but he decided against building his own website. He had no idea how he would gain publicity for the website and build traffic. On the internet, no traffic equals no money. Mr. Lave borrowed some money from his family and used VotanWeb to quickly identify and purchase an established hobby related website. During his first year in business, sales totaled approximately $900,000. This year, the 20-year-old expects gross sales to reach $3 million. "I basically used an existing website to get my name out on the internet and then built my reputation by providing hobby equipment people want and giving them solid technical support," he says. To keep sales growing, Mr. Lave began to sell a variety hobby products, but his success attracted copycats. Competitors followed his lead and started offering prices he couldn't match without reducing his profit margin. Fortunately, Mr Lave realized he could maintain his profit margins by offering technical support. "For someone who's not a serious hobby enthusiast, this equipment can be challenging to build and operate," he says. "Some of the manuals that come with the products are up to 800 pages long." Mr. Lave added a service section to his Web site and began to provide technical assistance. This resulted in increased sales. In an effort to provide additional technical support to customers, Mr. Lave made a training DVD and started selling it on his Web site.

Case Study: Google in China Essay

Google issued a statement mentioning the attacks across the Internet generated from China and declaring its unwillingness to censor search results any more and indicating its decision of exiting China. Several months later, the company moved from Beijing to Hong Kong, out of Mainland China, and still has provided services to users in Mainland China, but also has faced many difficulties. This case is very typical and meaningful for foreign companies, which have willingness to launch their business successfully in China. Culture, local laws and differences between western market and Chinese market should be taken into consideration. Case A 1. Why did Google issue the statement of January 12? Google issued the statement to express the company’s unwillingness to tolerate censorship in China and the decision to exit from China. The Chinese government made the decision to control the information flow on the Internet and insisted on removing information from search results that it is considered politically objectionable, which leads to the insufficiency and inaccuracy of the search result. This is not what Google wants. The statement doesn’t aim at accusing of the cyber attacks across the Internet and helping users make their computers much safer, but declare that Google won’t compromise to the censorship in China any more, which violates the missions and principles of the company—To organize the world’s information and make it universally accessible and useful and do no evil. 2. Can Google take comfort from the reactions of stakeholders so far? In my opinion, it depends on different stakeholders. For competitors, such as Baidu, there is no doubt that Google exiting from China is great news by getting rid of such a strong competitor. And also I don’t think the shareholders of the company were happy to see that, as the stock price of Google falling as low as $573.09 on January 13 comparing to $714.87 in December 2007. And cutting themselves off from one of the fastest-growing economies in the world and giving up such a huge market would lead to negative impact to the revenues of the company. Those shareholders would give extra pressure. However, the statement won some respect and support from democrats and human rights activists, and also won the trust of its users and the employees outside China, not the ones in China.

Modern Trading Culture Essay

With increasing competition everyday in the consumer market, the world has shifted towards modern trading concepts. The modern trading concept has two major objectives; to provide the basic necessities under one roof. Secondly, the customer should be able to touch the products in person. Metro and Macro are the examples of modern trading stores. The procedures and implementation of modern trade in other countries is different as compared withPakistanbecause of the local trading culture. Modernization of Trading Systems According to a research, retail markets tend to modernize from largely traditional trading techniques to modern trading techniques. As markets modernize, the share of traditional trade as a percentage of total trade declines slowly; suppliers, however, will continually need to adjust the amount of resources allocated to manage the traditional trade versus the modern trade. Smart suppliers manage this balancing act by accurately tracking (and often predicting) the pace at which key transitions or market evolution shifts are likely to occur. Three overarching factors affect the speed and nature of market transition. They include (1) consumer trends and purchasing behaviors in the market; (2) factors related to modern retail consolidation (Also called central buying, an approach in chain stores whereby all purchasing is done through a central or main office); and (3) disruptive factors such as the economy, special interests, and government regulation etc. InPakistanthere are a number of manufacturers for various products. The normal distribution channel is that the manufacturers use their own distributors as well as independent distributors in the market, who purchase products from the factory and then deliver to the retailers and the wholesalers. On the other hand, some retailers get products directly from the distributors while some are purchasing from the wholesalers. Big cities have thousands of outlets in the market for grocery items. If we only take the example of twin cities ofPakistan, there are around 3,000 grocery outlets including the small shops inIslamabadand inRawalpindithere are around 15,000 outlets. It is impossible for the manufacturer to reach each and every outlet so they need distributors to make the products available to the outlets. Even the distributors at times cannot reach all of the outlets, so there are wholesalers in the markets who buy the products in bulk from distributors or manufacturers. They are located in certain locations where the retailers buy the products from the wholesalers. At the end of the day, it all depends on the relationships of the retailer; if he has good relationship with the distributors and can buy the products on credit from him and even return the unsold products, or he could buy the same products from a wholesaler like an end consumer. We can say that the markets in Pakistan are divided into 2 categories with respect to retailers; first are those who are getting the products from distributors and second are those who are buying the products from wholesalers. Distributors supply the product at the retailer’s shop but retailer has to go to wholesaler to purchase a product. These consumer trends, retail consolidations, and disruptive factors heavily influence retailers’ growth strategies as well as the formats they are most likely to develop to sustain growth over the long term. As markets evolve, retailers adjust their formats and operational strategies to cater to differing shopper needs and trends-and thereby maximize retailers’ reach in an evolving market. Advantages and Disadvantages There are numerous advantages of modern trading system. There are 3 types of consumers who come to modern trading stores like Metro or Macro; 1) end users, 2) traders and 3) hoteliers. The system of modern trade influences the distributor business because retailers are now going directly to these stores and are purchasing products themselves at lesser prices. Modern trade is reducing the number of distribution channels from the factory to the retail shop. This subtraction of distribution channel increases the profit margins of both the manufacturer and the retailer. It is a convenient alternative for the end users to purchase house hold items from one place at a lesser cost. The disadvantages of modern trade is that it is adversely affecting the business of independent distributors since the manufacturer is giving different prices to the distributors and the modern trading stores .Margins of distributors have reduced and they are also loosing some of their clientele as some retailers prefer to buy products directly from these modern stores rather than distributors. Another disadvantage of modern trade inPakistanis that it has confused the end user by offering 3 different prices for the same product in the market. Those 3 pricing areas are retail shops, wholesalers and the big stores. This usually creates doubts about the quality of the products because of the price variations. Reluctance in Modern Trading Some of the manufacturers are now willing to enter into modern trading system but it also varies from manufacturer to manufacturer. If a company has a strong positioning of their products in retail outlets of a city, they would also be willing to sell their products in a big store. But on the other hand, if a company has weak positioning in the retail outlets, they would hesitate to sell their products in the modern trading stores. The distributors get fix percentage of profit from the manufacturer to sell their products to the retailers or wholesalers. Indian Market If we take the example of India, where consumer trends are very much similar to ours and have been the greatest influencer in forcing modern trade to develop. A significant demographic transition is now underway with a large, young, working population (median age of 24); more nuclear families in urban areas; an increase in the number of working women; and emerging opportunities in the service sector. Urbanization, higher household disposable income, and convenience one-stop shopping are other factors that are fueling this modern trade growth. Retail consolidation will slowly help drive modern trade growth as well. It is estimated that the Indian retail industry was worth about USD286 billion at the end of 2004; yet India remains one of the most fragmented retail sectors in the world with only 2% of total sales deriving from the modern trade. As that happens, India is likely to see a significant trend toward modern trade as retailers invest in data, technology, and infrastructure to exploit and escalate potential growth. Disruptive factors particularly government regulation are unquestionably the key â€Å"reason† foreign players have not played an influential part in triggering retail consolidation in India. However, there is no one path to modernization; markets are not dependent on global retailers as catalysts for modernization. However there are many markets where global retailers act as key catalysts, and, in fact, capture the lion’s share of the modern trade. To understandIndia’s potential future, it is useful to look at examples of three market types, and why they’ve modernized the way they did: †¢ Markets that have grown the modern trade through global players entering the market; †¢ Markets that have grown through a hybrid of global and local players; and †¢ Markets that have modernized driven almost entirely by local retailers. Government Policies The government policies play a major role in implementing modern trading system in a region. InIndia, there are some areas where the government has not allowed modern trade stores to operate. Similarly, inPakistanif the existing traders are reluctant of the entrance of modern trade stores like Metro the government has the authority to impose restrictions on such stores. Nevertheless, these kinds of stores are beneficial for the Government as they give fixed General Sales Tax (GST) and also are a foreign investment in the country. The Core Capabilities Required for Growth A core takeaway from studying market evolution is that, regardless of whether the retailer driving the modern trade is global or local, the capabilities they need to do that are largely the same! In addition to the overall management, a great modernizing retailer will require capabilities in six core areas to win in the changing environment. Finance A retailer is best served having an operating model with two key financial criteria: †¢ Generates enough cash flow to fund its expansion; and †¢ Remains relatively low debt. Retail is a cyclical and relatively low margin business. High levels of debt and interest greatly impede a retailer in growth mode and can make running the operation difficult. Most great retailers remain relatively conservatively financed. Operations The retailer is able to manage the complexity of getting merchandise from factory to shelf. Indian conglomerate Reliance Industries Ltd. is aiming to get to this state through integration of an entire supply chain from farm to store, particularly with staple food commodities. Many great local retailers (e.g., HEB and Publix, twoUSregional grocery chains, and 7-11 inJapan) optimize their market position through a best-in-class supply chain, which gives them a significant competitive advantage in speed and store conditions. Brand Brand is all about a relevant and influential connection to the shopper. It is imperative for retailers to have a systematic understanding of their shoppers and be able to execute, both in and out of the store, based on that knowledge. In addition, the ability to tailor a portfolio of formats to meet different shopper/consumer needs is very helpful-especially in geographically, culturally, and economically diverse markets like India. Pantaloon is one of the Indian retailers that has begun to develop the data and analysis capabilities to do just that. As India’s infrastructure develops to support modern trade, the retailer will be able to do that more consistently. As the market evolves, both retailers and manufacturers will require the capabilities to consistently understand what motivates shoppers and consumers, in order to bring together a successful retailer strategy that serves both constituents well. The intermingling of finance and brand is pricing; the right price doesn’t necessarily mean the lowest, especially in some categories such as apparel, where a low price may be perceived as poor quality. Also, a rigorous understanding of which items are important to be low priced for competitive purposes versus which items can be margin enhancers, is one of the key criteria strong retailers use to grow in a market. When discussing people, the discussion is incomplete without the right measurements in place. As people are trained to execute at the store, retailers will have to have the right set of measures to ensure great delivery to the shopper. In addition, the focus of high capability in-market retailers’ corporate measures are usually geared toward selling to the consumer than on buying efficiencies and leveraging scale; however, our research shows that retailers who understand this and work proactively with suppliers to optimize their mutual business tend to grow faster than the market. In-store execution should come together as a result of the right brand message and effective operations that facilitate having the right merchandise in the right place. Often the simplicity of the message and the operation generally results in superior in-store execution, and this largely depends on people development and training. Relentless focus on execution details is the final differentiating factor for success.

Explanation and Context Review Communication

University of Phoenix Material Communication Theories and Context Review Communication can be understood by examining the context in which communication takes place and by reviewing some of the theories that govern how communication works within each context. Part A – Communication Contexts Directions: Define each communication context. A. Intrapersonal: Face-to-face communication between people B. Interpersonal: Communication with oneself C. Group: Communication with a group of people D. Organizational: Communication within and among large, extended environments E. Public: Communication to a large group of listeners F.Mass: Communication to a very large audience through mediated forms G. Intercultural: Communication between and among members of different cultural backgrounds Part B – Communication Contexts and Their Related Theories Directions: Place the appropriate letter of each context above next to its related theory. Then write a brief explanation of each theory. Theories 1. _A__ Cognitive Dissonance – Explains the tendency for individuals to seek consistency among their cognitions, such as beliefs and opinions. When there is an inconsistency between attitudes or behaviors (dissonance), something must change to eliminate the dissonance.In the case of a discrepancy between attitudes and behavior, it is most likely that the attitude will change to accommodate the behavior. 2. _G___ Face-Negotiation Theory – Explains how different cultures manage conflict and communication. The theory explains that the root of conflict is based on identity management on individual and cultural levels. 3. __B__ Groupthink – Explains how individuals may withhold their opposing opinions to promote cohesiveness. Individuals may also withhold their opposing opinions because they fear rejection by the group. 4. _B__ Communication Privacy Management – Explains the process that people use to manage the relationship between concealing and rev ealing private information 5. __D__ Organizational Information Theory – Explains how organizations make sense of the information that is essential for their existence 6. __F__ Spiral of Silence – Explains why people tend to remain silent when they think their views are in the minority 7. __E__ Rhetoric/Dramatism/Narrative Paradigm – Explains that people are essentially storytellers who make decisions on the basis of good reasons. History, biography, culture, and character determine what we consider good reasons.

Indian Premier League Essay

Cricket is a very fast-paced, high-energy sport but it’s also big business. Professional teams that belong to the Indian Premier League pay each of their players, the estimated value that could range from INR 20 lakh (INR 2 million) to INR 2 crore (INR 20 million) per year depending on his experience and stature. For that amount of money, member teams expect a great deal and are constantly on the watch for ways of improving their performance. During a 59-game season, every nuance a coach can pick up about a weakness in an opponent’s offense or the shots of one of his own players will translate into more runs on the scoreboard, more wins, and ultimately more money for the team. Traditional cricket game statistics failed to capture all of the details associated with every play and was not easily related to videotapes of games. As a result, decisions about changes in tactics or how to take advantage of opponents’ weaknesses were based primarily on hunches and gut instincts. Coaches could not easily answer questions such as â€Å"Which types of plays are hurting us? † Now professional cricket coaches and managers are taking their cues from other businesses and learning how to make decisions based on hard data. The software available with the Indian Team was very generic and did not produce any analytical information. For the same reason, John Wright wanted to have quite a few reports to help him make decisions based on the statistical data. A company called Sports Mechanics has found a way to collect and organize fine-grained statistical data and relate the data to associated video clips. Sports Mechanics employs just 5 people to match up video of each play with statistical information about every ball bowled within the match. For example, who bowled it, who is the batsman, who is the non-striker, where did the ball pitch, what did the ball do, where was the ball hit, how many runs were scored off it, who fielded it, how did he field it, which end did he throw, what was the outcome of the ball, etc. Once the tagging is done, when the query is done according to the tag, then the relevant video plays. Queries can be done by multiple layers of filters by bowler, by batsman, by type of ball, etc. Each game is dissected and tagged, play by play, using hundreds of descriptive categories and these data are linked to high-resolution video. Coaches then use an index to locate the exact video clip in which they are interested and access the video at a protected Web site. Within seconds they are able to watch streaming video on the protected site or they can download it to laptops, iPods, play stations, etc. For example, if the Kolkata Knightriders have just lost to the Rajasthan Royals and gave up too many runs, Knightriders coach can use Sports Mechanics’ service to see video clips of every Rajasthan Royals’ batting performance in the game. He can also view every Kolkata Knightriders transitional situation for the entire season to see how that game compared with others. According to Kolkata Knightriders owner Shahrukh Khan, â€Å"the system allows us to look at every play, in every way, and tie it back to stats. So we can watch how we played every ball, track our success rate, and see how other teams are doing it. The service helps coaches analyze the strengths and weaknesses of individual players. For example, Sports Mechanics’ system has recorded every offensive step of the Kolkata Knightriders’ Shoaib Akhtar since he joined IPL. The system can show how successfully he is blowing in either home or away games, with the ability to break games and player performance into increasingly finer-grained categories. If a user clicks on any statistic, that person will find video clips from any of the games of any season of IPL that show Shoaib’s particular bowling move. Mr. S. Ramakrishnan, the Indian Cricket Team Analyst and the founder of Sports Mechanics has since 2003 helped over 5,000 cricketers and provided analysis and soft ware to ICC and 21 countries. About 7 teams in the IPL; all except Royal Challengers have already signed up for the Sports Mechanics’ service, and are using it to help them scout for promising national and international players. Although nothing will ever replace the need to scout players in person, the service has reduced IPL teams’ skyrocketing travel costs. Sources: Sports Mechanics; Base 1 USD = 50 INR as of 11, January, 2009 The challenges facing IPL teams show why information systems are so essential today. Like other businesses, professional cricket faces pressure from high costs, especially for team member salaries and travel to search for new talent. Teams are trying to increase revenue by improving employee performance, especially the performance of cricket team members. The chapter-opening diagram calls attention to important points raised by this case and this chapter. Management was unable to make good decisions about how to improve the performance of teams and of individual players because it lacked precise data about plays. It had to rely on â€Å"best guesses† based on videotapes of games. Management found a new information system to provide better information. The information system is based on a service provided by Sports Mechanics. Sports Mechanics’ staff members break down each game into a series of plays and then categorize each play by players, type of play, and the outcome. These data are tagged to the videos they describe to make the videos easy to search. IPL coaches and management can analyze the data to see which offensive and defensive moves are the most effective for each team player. Team members themselves can use laptops, play stations, iPods, etc to download the videos to help them prepare for games. This innovative solution makes it possible for basketball management to use objective statistical data about players, plays and outcomes to improve their decision making about what players should or shouldn’t do to most effectively counter their opponents.

Chaucer 2 Essay Research Paper The Effects

Chaucer 2 Essay, Research Paper The Effects of Geoffrey Chaucer # 8217 ; s Education on the Canterbury Tales The Medieval period was one of transmutation. The great spiritual pilgrims journeies that occurred effected the class of history. Social set-ups were believed to be ordained by God and were non to be changed ( www.aol/barrons 1 ) . Therefore, Geoffrey Chaucer introduces each of the characters in the prologue of The Canterbury Tales and establishes their function in society. The church hierarchy was thought to be of equal importance ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.virginia.edu/literature/ chaucer/defense 2 ) . The church in some instances fulfilled the map of an educational system ( hypertext transfer protocol: //virginia.edu/literature/chaucer 2 ) . Both of these rankings by and large dictated the chances available to people. Therefore, instruction was non ever readily available. Alternatively, people relied on life experiences and common sense to steer them. This was no exclusion with author and poet Geoffrey Chaucer. Though he lacked a formal instruction ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.virginia.edu/literature/chaucer /defense 2 ) , Chaucer rose to a outstanding authorities place ( Anderson 84 ) . In add-on, his literary plants show that he was highly good read ( Williams 1 ) . The effects of Chaucer # 8217 ; s instruction can be seen through his ability to compose work that would appeal to its readers, his use of assorted composing techniques, and his huge cognition of the society in which he lived. McKinley 2 By the terminal of the Middle Ages, a new assurance in the English linguistic communication was evident. Therefore, with this assurance came a higher position for English literature. This was illustrated in 1399 when Henry IV laid claim to the British throne ( Williams 4 ) . He did non execute the ceremonial in Gallic, as had been done in the past, but in English. Geoffrey Chaucer played a major function in set uping the English linguistic communication as a medium capable of the extreme artistic look ( Williams 4 ) . Chaucer wrote in a manner which appealed to his audience. Often called the Father of English poesy ( Anderson 84 ) , Chaucer draws on his ain experiences in the Tales ( www.aol/barrons 1 ) . These experiences frequently colored his work ( http: //www.virginia.edu/literature/chaucer/defense 3 ) . In add-on, his usage of category construction ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.virginia.edu/ literature/chaucer 2 ) coupled with his clear and concise remarks make the Tales more clear ( Anderson 85 ) . Chaucer besides on occasion touched his work with nicety ( Anderson 85 ) . Chaucer was influenced in several ways throughout his life. Geoffrey Chaucer was born in the early 1340 # 8217 ; s, about 1343, to John Chaucer, a comfortable vino merchandiser ( Williams ix ) . He was a member of the in-between category and learned about human nature while functioning as a royal page ( www.aol/barrons 1 ) . Chaucer draws on all of these experiences throughout The Canterbury Tales. He besides dealt with issues of import to society ( Anderson 84 ) . While doing the unheard of rise from in-between category to authorities functionary, Chaucer dealt with many jobs in the McKinley 3 British authorities. In add-on, he traveled all over the continent on diplomatic missions for the male monarch ( Williams 1 ) . Chaucer # 8217 ; s ability to compose on such a wide base of subjects and characters is derived from his huge work experience. The many # 8220 ; Chaucers # 8221 ; : the soldier, the courtier, the man-of-the-world, the diplomat, all aid in his acute apprehension of human personality and nature. All of these influences can be seen throughout his Hagiographas ( Williams 2 ) . Literary influences on Chaucer include the work of Virgil, Cicero, and Ovid, which were among his favourites, and many of which he read in their original linguistic communications. He besides translated many major texts from Latin and French into English ( Williams 1 ) . An devouring traveller, Chaucer visited Italy in 1373 and 1378. Here he discovered the poesy of Dante and Petrach ( Anderson 85 ) . He was really impressed by the work of these two poets and studied them intensively. The Canterbury Tales use several composing techniques and manners throughout. His work is strewn with allusions and metaphors drawn from medical specialty, music, jurisprudence, star divination and scriptural exegesis ( Williams 1 ) . Geoffrey Chaucer wrote in a clip period where it was non peculiarly stylish to compose serious or dramatic work ( Anderson 84 ) . But, Chaucer was non one to follow a criterion, but to put one. His usage of McKinley 4 antediluvian linguistic communication and deficiency of standard spelling rapidly caught on and became known as Middle English ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.virginia.edu/ literature/chaucer/defense 3 ) . Besides, due in portion to Chaucer # 8217 ; s authorship, the usage of iambic pentameter became really popular in British literature ( Anderson 85 ) . A dominant metre of 10 syllables and assorted metrical signifiers every bit good as prose can besides be found throughout the Tales ( Anderson 85 ) . Geoffrey Chaucer # 8217 ; s instruction reached far beyond a traditional schoolroom. His legion life experiences formed his instruction. He worked both as a diplomat every bit good as an creative person. It is these two separate environments that, when combined, form Chaucer # 8217 ; s extended background and cognition of his society. As a page in a royal tribunal, Chaucer learned much about the societal system first manus ( Anderson 84 ) . From an early age, he held assorted places in a royal family ( Williams 1 ) . While on a royal assignment in France, he was captured by the Gallic ground forces and ransomed by the male monarch. Though his work took precedency over his authorship, Chaucer # 8217 ; s instruction in a societal scene transcended into his Hagiographas ( Williams 1 ) . One might get down to believe that Chaucer was, as said in modern footings, a work-a-holic. But it was common in the Middle Ages for writers and poets to work both as creative persons and keep a place in the market place. It was non common to specialise as it is today ( Williams 1 ) . On the contrary, composing McKinley 5 and poesy were merely a portion of the larger image of scientific disciplines. This larger image helped adult male with his true perceptual experience of world, and this was the point of Chaucer # 8217 ; s poesy: : # 8221 ; doctrine as the foundation of his art # 8221 ; ( Williams 2 ) . The church besides took a function as an educational establishment ( hypertext transfer protocol: //virginia.edu/literature/chaucer 2 ) . It served as a critical portion of society. Routine church services were held one time every hebdomad ( hypertext transfer protocol: //virginia.edu/literature/chaucer 2 ) . Chaucer # 8217 ; s ability to compose work that would appeal to its readers, his use of assorted composing techniques, and his huge cognition of the society in which he lived are all evident due to his extended instruction. The Canterbury Tales offer an copiousness of cognition of the period every bit good as a window into certain professions ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.virginia.edu/literature/chaucer 2 ) . While functioning as a historical papers, the Tales blend several degrees of society together ( hypertext transfer protocol: //www.virginia.edu/literature /chaucer/defense 2 ) . It has been commented that # 8220 ; the noticeable thing about them ( the Tales ) is their normalcy # 8221 ; ( Anderson 85 ) .

Anthropology Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 5

Anthropology - Essay Example The main reason why mating between different species is not encouraged is because the resulting offspring is usually not as fit as the parent species. However, this is not always the case if we take an example of the ancient man where the Homo sapiens and the Homo erectus interbred to produce viable offspring with a higher brain capacity (Douglas). Reproductive isolation mechanisms that exist make some individuals incapable of fertile interbreeding. This occurs when the interbreeding leads to offspring that are not viable. The word capable here means that the organisms are free and willing to mate naturally to reproduce. It is true that the anatomy of many organisms qualifies their ability or inability to mate. However, if there is no reproductive isolation, organisms of different species are capable of fertile interbreeding. The dog and the wolf are both from the same group, Canis, and they have the capability and desire to interbreed because they are closely related and their offspring are viable. For instance, taking the German Shepherds as an example, they are cross breed of dogs and wolves and they are known for their high intelligence, strength, and obedience training. An example of an infertile offspring is the mule- a result of the interbreeding between a horse and a donkey. This clearly shows that, fertile interbreedi ng between two distinct species should not be considered a surprise. This is because it does not matter whichever species two organisms come from as long as a fertile offspring is

Construction and management of a global macro fund Essay

Construction and management of a global macro fund - Essay Example The market fluctuations affect returns on investments and make investors lack confidence on investments. Therefore, a well maintained portfolio is vital to every investor aiming to succeed and at the same time manage risks. As an investor, you need to know how to allocate assets that suits personal goals and strategies. This means that the selected portfolio should be in a position of meeting your future capital needs. Every investor’s goal is to maximize wealth; therefore this report focuses on construction and management of portfolio for a mutual fund. The portfolio to be constructed should be the one with high returns and well diversified Portfolio analysis studies the performance of different portfolios under different circumstances (Angus, 2000). Portfolios can be grouped according to industries, countries or sector. Each group consists of sub-unit. For example, the financial sector can be made up of several banks or the Airline industry can be made up of several airline companies. The analysis of each portfolio helps an investor in making a decision when investing. Most likely, a rational investor will choose the best portfolio and screen out the ones that are not essential based on objective criteria. A good portfolio is characterized by high returns on investment. Portfolio analysis requires subjective judgment as it is not easy to segment different industries. Portfolio analysis is a process as different financial instruments have to be evaluated one by one. The process is time consuming and involves a lot of effort. In spite of these odds, Markowitz the fonder of modern portfolio analysis has simplified the process by suggesting the use of expected return and variance. In this report, we will discuss four steps of constructing a portfolio. Customers have different preferences and needs. Therefore, it is important to understand their expectations first. This entails ascertaining their financial

Writing Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Writing - Research Paper Example The writers can create their accounts on the website and take classes according to their writing requirements. I like the website as a whole because of its chances that it provides to new writers. I recommend it to all the learners of writing, as it is very constructive. Writing.com is a supportive site for writers all over the world. The website works as a community of writers and readers where people can upload their writing content and collect comments from readers. Like FanStory.com, Writing.com also offers writing contests to its participants. The website offers its contributors various writing tools with the help of which, writers can create some writing piece with standard skills. The content that is published on Writing.com can be shared on Facebook, Twitter, MySpace and other social networking websites. As it is a supportive writing websites for new and old writers, I like this site. I recommend it for its writing tools that can be accessed and used by writers to polish their writing skills. Writersdigest.com is an encouraging website for writers. The writers are required to submit their written content and get it published. To make writing skills better, the writers are allowed to join online workshops for writing. This website is worthy of praise as writers are facilitated with many benefits such as online workshops, competitions, writing tips and so on. This website is recommendable because it smoothes the progress of writers towards being a skilled and accomplished writer. The website is a guide to grammar and writing. It facilitates its readers and viewers to get grammatical and writing support. The viewers can get help related to the full English language and grammar. The website also provides help for writing student papers such as research papers, essays, reviews, etc. as it gives guidelines as to how papers can be arranged and organized. I like this

American Foreign Policy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

American Foreign Policy - Essay Example The country's founding fathers seem to have given overlapping powers to Legislature and Executive, and this led Edwin Corwin to say that both branches are expected "to struggle for the privilege of directing American Foreign Policy." This has naturally resulted in Executive and Legislature sharing foreign policy decisions. It has also resulted in a kind of competition and jealous guarding of their spaces, which has led to unpleasant bickering many times. Constitution has laid down these principles as an effective check against each other's power, and the hope of a highly gratifying foreign policy that would be helpful not only to America but also to the rest of the world, as America is a huge and powerful nation. They had not foreseen that America would become the only superpower, but they had definitely foreseen that it would be an influential power in the world, that would have a definite say in world matters. These thinkers want clout to be a very positive one. To a very large ext ent, they have attained their wish, though it leads to one-upmanship very often, especially when the incumbent in the White House is not a visionary. America had gained her independence much before any other colonies and her only rival in those years was Britain in world affairs. Slowly when British power diminished after two world wars, America more or less conducted her foreign affairs on her own terms and this made the American President an invincible and all-powerful personality on the world stage. But at home, there had always been a slight, sometimes more pronounced tug of war between the Executive and Legislature, which worked as an effective check during times of stress, and an irritant, sometimes even a definite threat during other. Treaties in the US are entirely executive agreements. American presidents have made many international agreements through Congressional-Executive Agreements and only the President has the power to do so. These have to be ratified by only the maj ority in both the Houses. Some constitutional scholars have said that these CEAs are unconstitutional, but the Supreme Court has upheld their validity. Once these agreements are reached they are binding while these procedural acceptances go on.  Foreign policy is the politics of shared power between executive and legislature and these two have to maintain the balance.   The extent to which the executive power touches the foreign policy had always been a matter of controversy. Today there are many pragmatic and constitutional arguments trying to fix the boundaries of executive power on war, national security and treaty interpretation.   "Finally, the President has broad residual power over foreign affairs, but that power does not extend to matters not part of the traditional executive power. Accordingly, the President cannot claim lawmaking or appropriations power in foreign affairs. American foreign policy still runs with an institutional approach where the powerful executive sometimes takes the center stage, or a less powerful one allows the Legislature to take an upper hand.